Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of the Pancreastatin Inhibitor PSTi8 Peptide in Rats: Integration of In Vitro and In Vivo Findings

PSTi8 is a pancreastatin inhibitory peptide that is effective in the treatment of diabetic models. This study investigates the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of PSTi8 in Sprague Dawley rats, for the first time. In vitro and in vivo PK studies were performed to evaluate the solubility, stability in plasma and liver microsomes, plasma protein binding, blood–plasma partitioning, bioavailability, dose proportionality, and gender difference in PK. Samples were analyzed using the validated LC-MS/MS method. The solubility of PSTi8 was found to be 9.30 and 25.75 mg/mL in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The protein binding of PSTi8 was estimated as >69% in rat plasma. PSTi8 showed high stability in rat plasma and liver microsomes and the blood–plasma partitioning was >2. The bioavailability of PSTi8 after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration was found to be 95.00 ± 12.15 and 78.47 ± 17.72%, respectively, in rats. PSTi8 showed non-linear PK in dose proportionality studies, and has no gender difference in the PK behavior in rats. The high bioavailability of PSTi8 can be due to high water solubility and plasma protein binding, low clearance and volume of distribution. Our in vitro and in vivo findings support the development of PSTi8 as an antidiabetic agent.

Does Gender Difference Exist in Typologies of Intergenerational Relations? Adult Son–Parent and Daughter–Parent Relations in Hong Kong

This study examines the typologies of adult son–parent and daughter–parent relations in Hong Kong, a place where East meets West. Data were drawn from a survey of 834 adult children (381 sons and 453 daughters) aged between 18 and 60 with at least one living parent. Latent class analysis identified four types of relations for both son-parent and daughter-parent relations: tight-knit, distant ascending ties, obligatory, and detached. Sons were more likely to engage in obligatory and tight-knit relations with parents, whereas daughters were more likely to engage in distant ascending ties relations. Multinomial logistic regression found that adult children who were young, single, or co-residing with their own child aged above 18 were more likely to have tight-knit relations with their elderly parents. Our findings suggest that although the male-dominated norm remains influential in Hong Kong, daughters are increasingly maintaining close interactions with their parents.

Acquiring Consonant Phonemes by Kurdish Children

Natural phonology and the theory of Roman Jacobson are crucial in acquiring language phonemes. In this paper which is entitled "acquiring consonant phonemes by Kurds children", we will endeavor based on the above theories, to focus on acquiring consonant phonemes in Kurdish language from age two years and a month to the age of six years and 5 months. We will also review the studies and methods that deal with acquiring language phonemes. The importance of this study is to find out at what age do the Kurds children obtains all consonant phonemes, or what are the difficult phonemes for Kurds children which acquire them at a later time. Is there a gender difference in acquiring phonemes among children? The present paper beside these objectives also aims at catching the interests of those who investigate Kurdish language, in order to conduct more research’s on this matter especially children phonology to determine the natural development of children language.

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN LANGUAGE USE AND LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN ONLINE FACEBOOK POSTS OF UKRAINIAN MIGRANTS IN GERMANY

This article studies the gender difference in language use and language attitudes of Ukrainian communities in Germany in online social media. Since 2014, the conflict in the East of Ukraine has led to a remarkably intense flow of Ukrainian migrants to Western Europe giving rise to longstanding issues of identity formation, language use, and attitudes both within Ukraine and inside Ukrainian diaspora communities. This article will examine the Ukrainian diaspora in Germany on the subject of language ideologies, language use, and attitudes by analyzing its linguistic online activity. To do so, our analysis will draw on a range of interdisciplinary methodologies, including studies of linguistic identity positioning, gender in migration, imagined migrant communities, and studies of discursive constructions of nationhood, which explore language indexing in relation to national identity.

Prevenire la radicalizzazione e i comportamenti antisociali. Madri e bambini nei non-luoghi dell’educabilità

In the intersection with other dimensions such as ethnic, religious and social, the gender difference leads to dwell on aspects often neglected and to bring out the role of mothers in places of confinement that, together with their children, represent a population at risk for the difficulties inherent in the condition of restriction. The research is interested in understanding a mother-child relationship highly disturbed by some risk factors and the educational actions to be activated in the daily life of penitentiary institutions to support and accompany these women towards autonomy, to offer them possibilities of social inclusion and avoid marginalization that in the future could lead their children to seek radicalized insertion within groups.

Characterization of Two Ferroptosis Subtypes With Distinct Immune Infiltration and Gender Difference in Gastric Cancer

Background: Iron is an essential nutrient involved in the redox cycle and the formation of free radicals. The reprogramming of iron metabolism is the main link to tumor cell survival. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death associated with cancer; the characteristics of ferroptosis in cancers are still uncertain. This study aimed to explore the application value and gender difference of ferroptosis in prognosis and immune prediction to provide clues for targeted therapy of gastric cancer.Methods: We comprehensively evaluated the ferroptosis levels of 1,404 gastric cancer samples from six independent GC cohorts based on ferroptosis-related specific genes and systematically correlated ferroptosis with immune cell infiltrating and gender characteristics. The ferroptosis score was constructed to quantify the ferroptosis levels of individual tumors using principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms.Results: We identified two distinct ferroptosis subtypes in gastric cancer, namely Subtype-A and Subtype-B. We found that male patients in Subtype-B had the worst prognosis in contrast with the other groups. Three sex hormone receptors (AR, ER, and PR) in Subtype-B tumor patients were higher than in Subtype-A tumor patients in GC, while the HER2 displayed an opposite trend. We developed a risk model termed ferroptosis score to evaluate ferroptosis levels within individual tumors. The low-ferroptosis score group was characterized by activation of immune cells and increased mutation burden, which is also linked to increased neoantigen load and enhanced response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy. The patients with a low-ferroptosis score showed a high microsatellite instability status (MSI-H) and had a higher response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, the patients with low-ferroptosis scores have a lower estimated IC50 in the several chemotherapy drugs, including paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and methotrexate.Conclusions: We revealed that sex hormone receptors and immune cell infiltration were markedly different between ferroptosis subtypes in GC patients. The results suggested that gender difference may be critical when the ferroptosis-related strategy is applied in GC treatment. Further, ferroptosis levels were identified with an extreme variety of prognosis and tumor immune characteristics, which might benefit GC individualized treatment.

Gender Differences in Nutritional Quality and Consumption of Lunches Brought from Home to School

Gender difference in the lunches brought from home to school and the amount consumed by elementary and intermediate school students were examined using data collected from 12 schools in Texas. The amount and nutritional quality of food items brought and consumed was evaluated, by comparing the results to the 2012 school meal standards, and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Almost all lunches brought from home contained grain and meat/meat alternatives, and the amount brought and consumed exceeded the NSLP standards. The majority of students did not bring fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods, but those who brought consumed most of what they brought. Among elementary school students, only 9% of boys and 14% of girls brought vegetables and the amount brought and consumed did not meet the standards. Although carbohydrate and protein consumption were adequate for boys and girls, the intakes of micronutrients and fiber did not meet the requirements across both genders at both school levels. Overall, lunches brought from home were not well balanced and did not meet NSLP standards and DRIs. It is imperative to identify strategies to improve the nutritional quality of lunches brought from home considering gender difference in food choice and educating parents and children on what is a healthy well-balanced lunch.

Social network pressure on women and men to enter a romantic relationship and fear of being single

The romantic dyad is emphasized in society, which leads to the question of whether single (non-partnered) adults in emerging adulthood perceive pressure from their social network members to become partnered. The first purpose of this study was to examine the degree of pressure to enter a relationship that single (unattached) men and women perceive that they receive from two social networks (parents/family and friends) and whether there is a gender difference in this degree of pressure to partner. The second purpose was to examine how social pressure to partner is associated with the fear of being single (FOBS). A sample of 616 single (unpartnered) adults ages 18 to 30, primarily from the U.S., reported some degree of network pressure to enter a relationship on average. Greater pressure to become partnered was perceived from parents/family than from friends. Women scored higher than men on an index of social pressure from parents/family to enter a relationship and also higher on an index measuring FOBS. Social network pressure to enter a relationship was associated with a greater FOBS for both men and women.