Outsiders
Groups were underrepresented in the mainstream either because they chose a separate identity or were discriminated against, or both. Roman Catholics were the largest outsider religious group, mainly by choice. A major Catholic Foundation at the University of Illinois drew rebuke from authorities for undercutting Catholic schools. Among Protestants, many supported smaller denominational colleges. Fundamentalists mostly chose their own institutions. Women remained in ambiguous positions; they were included in state universities, but not in the Ivy League, and often had their own colleges. African Americans were strongly discriminated against. Howard was the only true African American university. Christianity played a considerable role at most African American colleges and universities. Jews founded Yeshiva College and Brandeis University, but most were eager to assimilate into mainstream American schools, where they faced quotas; anti-Semitism also played a role in faculty hiring, especially in the humanities.