Introduction
This introduction frames the two trends that are at the core of this book: the triumph of liberal democratic constitutional discourse and the erosion of democracy. Liberal democratic designs, doctrines, and concepts have diffused easily around the world. These norms are promoted by a thick network of actors, and link to other thriving communities such as international human rights. But the rhetorical triumph of liberal democracy has not resulted in a steady increase in democracy—instead, recent years have seen stagnation and backsliding. This seeming paradox is explained by the ease with which liberal democratic ideas can be repurposed to serve anti-democratic ends. Reliance on liberal democratic institutions for anti-democratic moves may conceal their true purpose and make both domestic and international audiences less willing or able to formulate a critique. Furthermore, many liberal democratic norms are double-edged swords that can readily be used to attack rather than protect democracy.