scholarly journals Gender and Social Mobility

2021 ◽  
pp. 374-397
Author(s):  
Nancy Luke
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research

Women have historically been overlooked in research on social mobility. In contrast, new research focuses on the intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes and norms as determinants of women’s labour force participation in industrialized countries. This chapter discusses the measurement of gender attitudes and reviews research findings. Studies reveal that gender attitudes are a key transmission mechanism for intergenerational economic mobility beyond wealth and other economic factors. Mothers’ egalitarian views and less-restrictive gender norms promote greater labour force participation for daughters and daughters-in-law. There are few investigations in the Global South, where restrictive gender attitudes and norms are more pervasive and could potentially have greater impact in shaping women’s labour force participation. The chapter concludes with a brief case study of women’s labour force participation in India, where the direct link between gender attitudes and women’s labour market engagement could provide a further explanation for its recent decline.

scholarly journals The Intergenerational Transmission of Female Labour Force Participation by Gender among Native and Immigrant Europeans: A Focus on Religion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation from mothers to children. Using data collected by the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2018 (N = 118,219), we analyse four different samples of native and immigrant women and men in order to assess the relationship between working mothers and their daughters and sons' wives participation to the labour market. For both native and immigrant women, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability they were employed at the time of survey. Similarly, for both native and immigrant men, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability their wives were employed at the time of the survey. We concentrate our attention on the role of religion. We find that religiosity is negatively related to the participation of women in the labour market, with differences between those who had a working mother and those who had not. Results of some augmented models indicate that the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation varies according to religious affiliation.

scholarly journals Negotiation with Patriarchy in Women's Lives: A Case Study in a Malaysian Public University

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Azman Azwan Azmawati ◽  
Noraida Endut ◽  
Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim ◽  
Nor Hafizah Selamat ◽  
Kelvin Ying
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Public University ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The University ◽  
Life Type

Objective - While women make up almost 65% of undergraduates in public universities in Malaysia, only in the last three years their labour force participation rates have gone beyond the 50% mark. In addition, women form less than 20% of the legislature and Cabinet of Ministers in Malaysia. What pushes women in their achievements in education and what factors pull them back in other areas? How do patriarchal gender norms underpin their ability and decisions in life's choices and how have they understood and negotiated these norms? This paper aims to explore these questions through narratives of women in a public university. Methodology/Technique - The paper is based on Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 12 women who are staff and postgraduate students of the university. The respondents were divided into two groups: one consisting of the university's academic and administrative staff and the other postgraduate students. Separate discussions were conducted for each group. The discussions were transcribed and analysed. Findings - Findings show that women have confidence in their ability to contribute effectively and in the same manner as men in different spheres of their lives such as work, home and community. However, often they have had to negotiate their ways around various beliefs, practices and norms about the superiority of men in society. Novelty - The study researches factors that affects woman achievements in life. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Gender roles and Characteristic, Masculinity, Patriarchy JEL Classification: J16, J18.

Arbeit und Alter in ländlichen Gesellschaften der Frühen Neuzeit. Die Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter zwischen eigenem Besitz und den Zwängen einer „Ökonomie des Auskommens“

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Zeitlhofer
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Position ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

AbstractDespite the growing interest historians have expressed in old age and ageing in recent decades, our knowledge of the labour force participation of elderly people in pre-industrial times is still very limited. This is due to the fact that historians have, for far too long, discussed ‘old age’ mostly in terms of ‘providing for the elderly’ whilst more or less ignoring the wide range of activities the elderly were engaged in as well as the high rate of life-long labour force participation before the late 19th century.This study, on the one hand, discusses the social position of ‘retirees’ (former rural house owners), a social position often seen as an archetype for modern ‘retirement’. Numerous examples are presented from the regional case study of South Bohemia as well as from other parts of Central Europe showing that pre-modern retirees quite often continued to work in many different ways. In many cases inter vivos transfers of land and houses were not undertaken in order to allow for retirement from all activities but rather to facilitate a change in the individual’s own main focus of activity from one occupation to another. In a second part of the study the economy of makeshifts of the poor is analysed. Using rare sources from several South Bohemian parishes enables us to document the importance of the mixed economy of the poorest section of the rural elderly.

scholarly journals Does Divorce Risk in Sweden depend on Spouses' Relative Income? A Study of Marriages from 1981 to 1998

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiping Liu ◽  
Andres Vikat
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Divorce Risk

The relationship between increasing women’s earnings and rising divorce rates frequently has been explained by the so-called independence effect: If a wife enjoys a higher earning than her husband does, she gains less from marriage. It has also been argued that in a society with egalitarian gender attitudes this effect is less important. In this paper, we test if the independence effect applies to Sweden, a country in which egalitarian gender views dominate and female labour-force participation and divorce rates are high. Our analysis is based on a large register data set and intensity regression models. We found support for the ‘independence effect’: The relationship between the share of a wife’s income and the divorce risk is positive regardless of the couple’s total income and the wife’s education level.

scholarly journals Labour Supply and Earning Functions of Educated Married Women: A Case Study of Northern Punjab

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eatzaz Ahmad ◽  
Amtul Hafeez
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Central City ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Participation Decision ◽  
The Hours

This study analyses labour supply of educated married women in Mandi Bahauddin, a typical district of northern Punjab in Pakistan. The study finds that the education level and economic compulsion are important factors affecting women’s labour force participation decision. But, otherwise, they are independent in their decision-making, e.g., the women living in joint families or those with less educated husbands and/or parents are not socially constrained in terms of participation. Human capital variables like education, experience, and training, besides the nature of occupation and distance from the central city, are the important factors affecting women’s earning rates, while the hours of work are mainly determined institutionally.

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