Sacrifice Compared

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-244
Author(s):  
Guy G. Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
First World War ◽  
Political Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Dreyfus Affair ◽  
First World

Although most major social anthropologists came from Britain, the new sensitivity to ritual among students of religion, it appears, was felt more powerfully in France than elsewhere. This chapter considers the conditions in which a new intellectual sensitivity to sacrifice appeared towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the immense implications of this sensitivity on new approaches to religion. Although reflection on sacrifice dates back to antiquity, it is only with the emergence of the science of religion as an academic discipline after the mid-nineteenth century that it became grounded in theoretical approaches to religion. We will see how Durkheim’s most gifted students dealt with sacrifice, and call attention to the broader political context, from the Dreyfus Affair to the First World War.

Parallel lives or interconnected histories? Anagarika Dharmapala and Muhammad Barkatullah's ‘world religioning’ in Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Samee Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
First World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Parallel Lives ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First World

Abstract This article compares the ideas, connections, and projects of two South Asian figures who are generally studied separately: the Indian pan-Islamist Muhammad Barkatullah (1864–1927) and the Sinhalese Buddhist reformer Anagarika Dharmapala (1864–1934). In doing so, I argue that we can understand these two figures in a new light, by recognizing their mutual connections as well as the structural similarities in their thought. By focusing on their encounters and work in Japan, this article demonstrates how Japan—particularly after defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905—had become a significant site for inter-Asian conversations about world religions. Importantly, exploring the projects of Barkatullah and Dharmapala makes visible the fact that, from the late nineteenth century until the outbreak of the First World War, religion played a central role—alongside nationalism, race, and empire—in conversations about the possible futures of the international order.

scholarly journals Translations of Novels in the Romanian Culture During the Long Nineteenth Century (1794-1914): A Quantitative Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Ștefan Baghiu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second Line ◽  
World War ◽  
American Novel ◽  
East European ◽  
The First World War ◽  
French Novel ◽  
First World

This article uses quantitative methods to provide a macro perspective on translations of novels in Romanian culture during the long nineteenth century, by modifying Eric Hobsbawm’s 1789-1914 period, and using it as spanning from 1794 (the first registered local publishing of a translated novel) to 1918 (the end of the First World War). The article discusses the predominance of the French novel (almost 70% of the total of translated novels), the case of four other main competitors in the second line of translations (or the golden circle, as named in the article: German, English, Russian, and Italian), the strange case of the American novel as a transition zone, and the situation of five other groups of novels translated during the period (the atomizing agents: the East European, the Spanish, the Austrian, the Nordic, and the Asian novel).

Introduction

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jewish Settlement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Separate Identity ◽  
First World

This introductory chapter describes the unique aspects of the yeshivas of nineteenth-century Lithuania. These yeshivas represented a major attempt on the part of traditional Jewry to cope with the challenges of modernity. The Jews of nineteenth-century Lithuania thus defined had several distinguishing characteristics. In religious terms, most were traditional, in the sense that they had withstood the innovations of hasidism; in fact, the strength of the opposition to that movement in Lithuania was such that they came collectively to be known as mitnagedim (opponents) — that is, opponents of hasidism. Economically, they were mostly poorer than Jews in other major areas of Jewish settlement, such as Poland or Bukovina, and lived in more crowded conditions. Until 1764, they benefited from self-government under the Va'ad Medinat Lita (Council of the Land of Lithuania). By the beginning of the eighteenth century this body had ceased to function, but the distinction between the Jews of Lithuania and those of the neighbouring regions continued to exist — not least because the Lithuanian Jews spoke a distinctive dialect of Yiddish. These and other factors ensured that they continued to maintain a separate identity among the Jews of eastern Europe until the First World War.

Controlling Norwegian natural ice imports into the fishing port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1870-1910

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-498
Author(s):  
Effie Dorovitsa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
First World

From the 1870s until roughly the outbreak of the First World War, cargoes of Norwegian ice were shipped to numerous French ports. The ice was crucial for the smooth operation of many industries, especially those in the alimentation sector. The Northern French port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, with its thriving fishing industry, became one of the main entry points for imported Norwegian natural ice blocks. This Research Note is based on the holdings of Boulogne Municipal Archives and the Departmental Archives of the Pas de Calais region. It highlights the significant role that Norwegian ice imports could play in a port whose economy was largely based on the fisheries. It further reveals how concerns about the hygienic quality of natural ice dictated a series of regulations aimed at safeguarding public health in nineteenth-century France, and how these measures were introduced and tackled in Boulogne-sur-Mer. With a regulatory framework that strictly controlled inflows of Norwegian ice into French ports, a few Boulonnaise hygiene officials had to step in to protect the interests of the local fishing industry.

Kerosene Nights: Light and Enlightenment in Late Ottoman Jerusalem*

2020 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-207
Author(s):  
Avner Wishnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
First World

Abstract: Street lighting was first introduced into Ottoman cities in the second half of the nineteenth century. However, unlike in larger Ottoman cities, where coal gas was used, in Jerusalem it was kerosene that served as burning material, creating the distinct nocturnal reality that is here called the ‘kerosene night’. This reality was the result and, simultaneously, one of the most glaring manifestations of Jerusalem’s economic, administrative and infrastructural peripherality. Between the early 1890s and the First World War, kerosene allowed the Jerusalem municipality an affordable means to respond to inhabitants’ expectations for more light. Both public expectations and municipal action were fanned by a discourse that associated street lighting with Enlightenment, order and progress. Yet, kerosene illumination also set the limits of nocturnal conviviality and frustrated the very expectations it kindled. Measured against larger metropoles, the relative darkness of Jerusalem heightened among residents feelings of provinciality and governmental neglect — feelings that the kerosene lamps, paradoxically, brought to light.

Martyrs, Migrants and Militants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Talbot ◽  
Tahir Kamran
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
First World War ◽  
Student Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Muslim Students ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Militant Groups ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

Chapter seven discusses the emergence of revolutionary networks in the first decade of the Nineteenth Century and the activities of leading figures and movements during the First World War. The student population of the city provided recruits for militant groups that sought to overthrow the Raj. There are case studies of the Ghadr Movement, of iconic revolutionary martyrs such as Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh and Madan Lal Dhingra and of ‘absconding’ students to the trans-border camps in Chamarkand of what the British termed the ‘Hindustani Fanatics.’ The Muslim students became involved in Obaidullah Sindhi’s jihadist struggle in 1915 and in the hijrat movement to Afghanistan of March-August 1920. Some were to replace Pan-Islamic fervour with attachment to Communism inculcated at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East.

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