Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said To Think? (1952)
This discussion between Turing, Newman, R. B. Braithwaite, and G. Jefferson was recorded by the BBC on 10 January 1952 and broadcast on BBC Radio on the 14th, and again on the 23rd, of that month. This is the earliest known recorded discussion of artificial intelligence. The anchor man of the discussion is Richard Braithwaite (1900–90). Braithwaite was at the time Sidgwick Lecturer in Moral Science at the University of Cambridge, where the following year he was appointed Knightsbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. Like Turing, he was a Fellow of King’s College. Braithwaite’s main work lay in the philosophy of science and in decision and games theory (which he applied in moral philosophy). Geoffrey Jefferson (1886–1961) retired from the Chair of Neurosurgery at Manchester University in 1951. In his Lister Oration, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 9 June 1949, he had declared: ‘When we hear it said that wireless valves think, we may despair of language.’ Turing gave a substantial discussion of Jefferson’s views in ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (pp. 451–2), rebutting the ‘argument from consciousness’ that he found in the Lister Oration. In the present chapter, Jefferson takes numerous pot shots at the notion of a machine thinking, which for the most part Turing and Newman are easily able to turn aside. Jefferson may have thought little of the idea of machine intelligence, but he held Turing in considerable regard, saying after Turing’s death that he ‘had real genius, it shone from him’. From the point of view of Turing scholarship, the most important parts of ‘Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said to Think’ are the passages containing Turing’s exposition of the imitation game or Turing test. The description of the test that Turing gave in ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ is here modified in a number of significant ways. The lone interrogator of the original version is replaced by a ‘jury’ (p. 495). Each jury must judge ‘quite a number of times’ and ‘sometimes they really are dealing with a man and not a machine’. For a machine to pass the test, a ‘considerable proportion’ of the jury ‘must be taken in by the pretence’.