Theological Revolution and the Idea of Equality

The transition in Europe from a predominantly agricultural society dominated by a landed aristocracy to an emerging commercial one with an expanding bourgeoisie gave birth to a reformulated expression of Christianity whose doctrines could better legitimate the new institutions and practices of commercial society. Whereas Catholicism provided an ideology that justified the landlords’ capture of economic surplus, Protestantism legitimated the emerging bourgeoisie’s ability to do the same. Protestantism’s privileging of work and asceticism afforded social respectability to the bourgeoisie and ideological support for its capturing a share of society’s surplus. It gave legitimacy to the harsh social treatment of a rising class of wage workers who had been separated from any ownership, control, or ready access to the means of production. Protestantism served as a transitional religion between a traditional agricultural world dominated by Catholic doctrine and a more modern commercial one dominated by secular thought.

The Ethics and Economics of Middle Class Romance

This article shows the philosophical kinship between Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft on the subject of love. Though the two major 18th century thinkers are not traditionally brought into conversation with each other, Wollstonecraft and Smith share deep moral concerns about the emerging commercial society. As the new middle class continues to grow along with commerce, vanity becomes an ever more common vice among its members. But a vain person is preoccupied with appearance, status, and flattery—things that get in the way of what Smith and Wollstonecraft regard as the deep human connection they variously describe as love, sympathy, and esteem. Commercial society encourages inequality, Smith argues, and Wollstonecraft points out that this inequality is particularly obvious in the relationships between men and women. Men are vain about their wealth, power and status; women about their appearance. Added to this is the fact that most middle class women are both uneducated and encouraged by the conduct literature of their day to be sentimental and irrational. The combined economic and moral considerations of Wollstonecraft and Smith show that there is very little room for love in commercial society as they conceived it.

Trust and Acceptance of E-Banking Technology Effect of Mediation on Customer Relationship Management Performance

The application of E-Banking is a form of bank service to customers that was established in the 1970s and has started in Malaysia. There was a form of innovation that technology gave to electronics in 1981 into the world of the banking industry. The first was the introduction of Automated Teller Machines. On June 1, 2000, the Central Bank of Malaysia was officially established and gave permission to improve the form of service and convenience for customers when conducting online transactions which previously were done offline and could not be done anywhere. Banking in Indonesia has the advantage of instilling harmony in business ideals and values ??that lead to spirituality. A good relationship in building relationships is the standard for choosing a private bank. Where certain conditions banking is able to become mobile on online applications. It has been seen that there is less activity in bank lobbying in conducting transactions between customers and employees, because it has increased customer satisfaction, maintaining relationships with antecedent factors and marketing performance in the field. For this reason, CRM performance has a goal in building and maintaining good relationships, the nature of buyers and customer retention from the responses given. In a traditional commercial society, the physical form that can be seen is trust. The banking world is not far from the name of marketing and management as attracting forms of customer trust by providing products, services and buyer behavior by displaying employee performance. The application of strategies in marketing is a form of reference in attracting customers to become regular customers with the main purpose of this research paper being to analyze CRM performance as a form of trust in customer relationships to E-Banking without meeting bank employees, bringing convenience to customers in using banking e-banking services. accessible online.

Sobre la responsabilidad social empresarial

The question of social corporative or business responsibility, a phenomenon internationally known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), deserves consideration on the part of the judicial doctrine as it begins to pierce the legislative process. The reception of the correct social business responsibility doctrine presents itself as especially problematic when businesses exercise influence over a commercial society, single-handedly if it’s from capital company callings. As opposed to the company contractualist thesis, which parallels the private business as a representative in the market, the institutional stamp of CSR affects the conception of the private business and, therefore, on the economic system. Regarding relationships in a company in particular, CSR alternates the relationship between ownership and management, eliminating all traces of a representative relationship between members and administrators; these businesses should secure an evident social interest transcendent to the interest of its own members as soon as they are reunited in the company. On the other hand the attention to proposed goals regarding CSR eliminates the importance of the social object that members propose to reach by means of societal contract. Key words: Responsibility; social responsibility; firm; entrepreneur; trading company; contractualist theory; institutionalist theory; administration and representation; responsibility of the administrators; general meeting; social interest; corporate purpose. JEL Classification: K12, K22, M14. Resumen: La cuestión de la responsabilidad social corporativa o empresarial, fenómeno internacionalmente conocido con las siglas CSR, merece en nuestros días una consideración atenta por parte de la doctrina jurídica e incluso ha llegado a calar en el proceso legislativo. La recepción por el derecho de la doctrina de la responsabilidad social empresarial se presenta como especial - mente problemática cuando la empresa se ejerce por una sociedad mercantil, singularmente si es de las llamadas sociedades de capital. Frente a la tesis contractualista de la sociedad, que es la congruente con la empresa privada como agente en el mercado, el cuño institucionalista de CSR impacta en la concepción de la empresa privada y, por lo tanto, en el sistema de economía de mercado. Particularmente, y por lo que se refiere a la relación de sociedad, CSR altera las relaciones entre propiedad y management, eliminando todo vestigio de relación representativa entre los socios y los administradores; éstos deben velar por un supuesto interés social transcendente al interés de los propios socios en cuanto que reunidos en la sociedad. Por otra parte la atención a metas propuestas en atención a la CSR borra la importancia del objeto social que se proponen los socios alcanzar mediante el contrato de sociedad. Palabras clave: Responsabilidad; responsabilidad social; empresa; empresario; sociedad mercantil; teoría contractualista; teoría institucionalista; administración y representación; responsabilidad de los administradores; junta general; interés social; objeto social. Clasificación JEL: K12, K22, M14.

István Hont, the Cosmopolitan Theory of Commercial Globalization, and Twenty-First-Century Capitalism

This critical essay explores the work of István Hont. Members of the Cambridge school eschewed the term “capitalism” as an anachronistic description of the contexts that informed early modern politico-economic thought, preferring instead the ostensibly more neutral “commercial society.” But Hont's understanding of the latter was nevertheless quite present-minded and politically charged. Hont drove nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic theory back into eighteenth-century models, and his view of the economy that gave rise to them was informed by concerns in the 1980s and 1990s over the competitiveness of advanced capitalist nations in the face of low-cost insurgents such as China. More deliberate choices of recent economic theory can produce more accurate alternatives to the supposedly neutral “commercial society” depicted by Hont. World systems and dependency theory may help us to better understand the economic thought produced in and about the specifically capitalist world economy of the early modern period.

Review of “The Accademy of Fisticuffs. Political Economy and Commercial Society in Enlightenment Italy” by Sophus A. Reinert

Book Review of “The Accademy of Fisticuffs. Political Economy and Commercial Society in Enlightenment Italy” by Sophus A. Reinert

Idleness and the Very Sparing Hand of God: The invisible tie between Hume’s "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion" and Smith’s "Wealth of Nations"

In the eighteenth-century Scottish and British cultural context, idleness was a central issue for religion, literature, art, and philosophy. This paper analyzes the reflections of David Hume and Adam Smith on idleness and commercial society. Hume advanced his most provocative view on the subject in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779), where idleness is represented as the endowment made by the “very sparing hand” of the “author of nature” to humanity. My argument is that Smith’s view on idleness advanced in the Wealth of Nations (1776) is connected to Hume’s Dialogues, as Smith’s invisible hand defeats idleness through a combination of self-interest, the propensity to exchange, and the division of labor. The broader aim of this study is to add to the philosophical relationship between the Scottish philosophers.