MODIFIKASI TRADISI KAMOMOOSE PADA MASYARAKAT BONEOGE KECAMATAN LAKUDO KABUPATEN BUTON TENGAH

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pelaksanaan tradisi kamomoose, nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tradisi kamomoose serta bentuk-bentuk tradisi kamomoose pada masyarakat Boneoge Kecamatan Lakudo, Kabupaten Buton Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Evolusi Sosial (Herbert Spencer). Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan penelitian lapangan. Dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data, yakni: pengamatan (observation) dan wawancara (interview). Untuk menjawab permasalahan dilakukan analisis data, teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Analisis data yang dilakukan sejak pengumpulan data sampai akhir penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa masyarakat Boneoge masih melaksanakan tradisi kamomoose. Proses pelaksanaan tardisi kamomoose ada dua tahap yaitu tahap persiapan dan pelaksanaan, nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tradisi kamomoose berupa nilai spiritual, nilai pendidikan dan nilai estetika dan modifikasi tradisi kamomoose dari uang logam ke kacang tanah, lampu pelita ke lampu listrik, pakaian adat ke pakaian muslimah dan ucapan yang keluar/nazar (limba’anogau) ke pencarian dana masjid atau ajang silaturahmi.

Análisis y consecuencias del modelo económico liberal en Guatemala

La presente investigación se desarrolla mediante la utilización de materiales de información documental, que permitieron realizar un análisis del liberalismo económico en Guatemala, partiendo de los principales exponentes y críticos sociales como: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer y otros contemporáneos; generando una línea del tiempo de 60 años, hasta lograr finalizar en el modelo liberal actual; así como los resultados obtenidos a raíz del modelo económico liberal en el país, posteriormente como resultado de los acuerdos de paz firmados en el año 1996, dando inicio a una nueva democracia. Además, se presentan los enfoques del liberalismo internacional y la discusión de sus principales características económicas. En este contexto, el problema de investigación se centra en resolver algunos vacíos del conocimiento que permita comprender las estructuras sociales modernas, lo cual conlleva a preguntar ¿Cuál es la situación actual de los procesos históricos del liberalismo en Guatemala? Los indicadores sociales y económicos de Guatemala que describen la evolución del liberalismo en el país, permiten generar un estudio comparativo y la propuesta de un proyecto estratégico nacional. Al finalizar se concluye que el modelo liberal es un fenómeno sustancial que presenta una crisis económica social, debido a la mala utilización de sus preceptos fundamentales, la desigualdad, inequidades económicas, sociales y políticas, presentando una economía tradicional que ignora y empobrece a los individuos de manera material, mental y psíquico; que a pesar de genera extraordinarias ganancias, produce condiciones salariales bajas, con privilegios fiscales particulares y daños al ambiente.

Lone Voices?

This chapter asks if Draper and White were indeed the sole originators of the conflict thesis, or whether there were others before and/or alongside them. Journeying from the French Revolution through to late Victorian England, key players are identified and discussed. These include Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, John Tyndall, Thomas Huxley, the X Club, and many more influential characters who spoke on or wrote about the relationship between science and religion. The conclusion is that Draper and White were far from alone: many other highly significant public figures had argued that there was an inherent conflict between theology and the scientific method in one way or another. The chapter then teases why it might be that Draper and White are so forcefully put forward in the literature as being the lone progenitors of the idea.

‘Who is this Renaissance? Where did he come from?’: Englishness and the Search for an American National Style, 1850–1900

ABSTRACT The identification of the American elite with the Renaissance in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, as seen in the extended Capitol Building and National Mall in Washington DC, can be traced back to architectural, historiographical and cultural trends taking place in Britain. The writings of John Ruskin, Walter Pater and John Addington Symonds framed the debate in the United States. At first Ruskin’s antipathy towards the Renaissance was exacerbated by the Nativist Party’s opposition to Catholic immigration, but then the writings of Pater and, particularly, Symonds achieved what Wallace K. Ferguson described as ‘the thorough naturalization of Renaissancism in the English-speaking world’. Symonds’s Hegelian interpretation of the historical era as a ‘spirit of self-conscious freedom’ enabled Americans from the 1870s onwards to post-rationalise the Renaissance as a national style. Symonds dethroned the Ruskinian cult of the Gothic and celebrated Renaissance classicism and secular individualism. His image of Italian despots as ‘self-made men of commerce’ and an ‘aristocracy of genius and character’ appealed to US capitalists, while his admiration for the sumptuous palaces built by these Renaissance ‘men of power’ reinforced the evolutionary theories of the British sociologist Herbert Spencer, whose principle of ‘the survival of the fittest’ became the creed of American plutocrats as they built their own palatial houses. Finally, his frequent references to the discovery of America by Columbus came to legitimise the image of the US as the heir of Renaissance culture, as proclaimed at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.

The Historical Foundations of Symbolic Interactionism

This chapter models a symbolic interactionist approach to the history of symbolic interactionism. It begins with a discussion of the term ‘symbolic interaction’ as devised by Herbert Blumer and the limits of its applicability to the body of work that represents this tradition. This owes at least as much to borrowings from plant ecology and evolutionary theory by sociologists in Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, with influences from Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Contemporary symbolic interactionism is distinguished from the post-modern version developed by Norman Denzin and associates; from the more structuralist legacy of Erving Goffman; and from ethnomethodology. The chapter then examines the influence of nineteenth century German philosophy and social thought on Chicago sociology. This is shown to draw on the eighteenth century Scottish Enlightenment, particularly the work of Adam Smith and David Hulme, which also had a direct influence of its own. Ultimately, the story leads back to Stoic thought in ancient Greece and Rome from around 300 BCE to around 180 CE. Although its leaders have not had a great interest in the history of the approach, it is a genuine heir to long-running debates about humanity, nature and society rather than a fringe novelty of the twentieth century.

Environmental Desire in: The Mill on the Floss

Jayne Hildebrand, “Environmental Desire in George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss” (pp. 192–222) This essay argues that George Eliot’s expansive use of landscape description in The Mill on the Floss (1860) represents an engagement with the emerging concept of a biological “medium” or “environment” in the nineteenth-century sciences. In the 1850s, scientific writers including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and G. H. Lewes redefined biological life as dependent on an abstraction called a “medium” or “environment”—a term that united all the objects, substances, and forces in an organism’s physical surroundings into a singular entity. Eliot in The Mill on the Floss draws out the ecological potential of this new biological concept by imbuing the described backgrounds of her novel with a lyrical affect I call “environmental desire,” a diffuse longing for ambient contact with one’s formative medium that offers an ethical alternative to the possessive and object-driven forms of desire that drive the plot of a traditional Bildungsroman. Maggie Tulliver’s marriage plot is structured by a tension between environmental desire and possessive desire, in which her erotic desire for Stephen Guest competes with a more diffuse environmental desire that attaches to the novel’s described backgrounds. Ultimately, the new environment concept enables Eliot to reconceive the Bildungsroman’s usual opposition between self and world as a relationship of nourishment and dependency rather than struggle, and invites a reconsideration of the ecological role of description in the Bildungsroman genre.

Los últimos spencerianos. Hacia un canon de la primera sociología ecuatoriana

La sociología como disciplina académica comienza en el Ecuador hacia 1915. La creación de la Cátedra de Sociología en la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad Central del Ecuador institucionalizó una determinada forma de pensar la sociedad, incluyendo un canon de clásicos en el área. La formación de una escuela de pensamiento que se extendió hasta la década de los 50 perpetuó esta institucionalización particular, que ocasionó problemas cuando la sociología ecuatoriana se abrió a la global a partir de la creación de instituciones sociológicas mundiales y continentales. No obstante, las teorías particulares con su foco en una evolución natural de la sociedad según leyes sociales fijas, y en una posición importante para las elites, permitieron establecer la sociología como saber legítimo, vinculado al liberalismo político. El presente artículo se basa en una revisión de las teorías y los conceptos empleados en los textos más relevantes del debate de la naciente sociología ecuatoriana. Partiendo de la revisión de autores como Agustín Cueva Sáenz, Belisario Quevedo, Ángel Modesto Paredes y Luis Bossano, se busca trazar el desarrollo de los argumentos teóricos y de las principales influencias conceptuales. Además, se lleva a cabo una comparación con las ideas básicas de Herbert Spencer para demostrar que la sociología ecuatoriana temprana no solamente es una sociología positivista, sino una sociología spenceriana.

As contribuições de Kropotkin para a teoria da evolução: Contribuições para o ensino de biologia

In one of his most important works, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902/2009), the Russian anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin outlined his ethnological and ethological observations that led him to propose that, although what later came to be called "fitness" in evolutionary biology is greatly influenced by competition between individuals, cooperation is also an important factor in the evolution of populations and species. Darwin (1859/2018) considered the problem of cooperation a difficulty for his theories, but it were his followers - especially Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer - who ignited a vigorous debate around the subject in the 19th century. Building on Helen Longino's epistemology, I argue that both approaches are value-laden and have political goals, from a libertarian approach in the Kropotkinian camp to a liberal approach in the Huxley-Spencerian camp. This value-ladenness represents an important feature of the Nature of Science that should not be neglected in science teaching, especially in the teaching of evolution. The debate promoted by Kropotkin can be used, in the classroom, to teach the role of cooperation in the evolution of species, as well as to discuss the role of the external context in establishing scientific objectivity, sensu Longino.