The Problem of Counterfactual Isomorphs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Counterfactual Dependence ◽  
Actual Causation

Counterfactual isomorphs are pairs of systems where: (1) the pattern of counterfactual dependence among the variables is isomorphic; but (2) the relations of actual causation need not be. Counterfactual isomorphs present a prima facie challenge to any theory of actual causation that is framed in terms of counterfactuals. Menzies responds to this problem by proposing that actual causation be defined in terms of counterfactual dependence under ideal coonditions. Determination of what constitute ideal conditions is motivated by the intuition that actual causation should depend only on the intrinsic process consisting of the events connecting the cause and the effect. Since counterfactual isomorphs need not have isomorphic ideal conditions, they can differ with respect to relations of actual causation.

scholarly journals Using Symbols and Shapes for Analysis in Small Focus Group Research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladokun Omojola
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Focus Group Research ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Small Focus ◽  
Focus Group Method

Substantial literature exists to support the growing importance of focus group research, having been around for decades. Its ubiquity under the scholarship radar is not in doubt while the analyses of findings commonly seen are scholarly and significantly sophisticated. However, these analyses have been found to be limited in scope for fresh adopters of the focus group method, non-literate beneficiaries of research findings and business people who are critically averse to lengthy textual statements about outcomes. This article introduces the use of symbols as a means of analyzing responses from small focus group discussions. It attempts to demonstrate that using symbols can substantially assist in the prima facie determination of perceptions from a focus group membership, its patterns of agreement and disagreement, as well as the sequence of its discussions.

Part III Tests of Abuse, 9 Defences

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazzini Renato
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Competition Authority ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Social Welfare Maximization

This chapter explores the defences available to a prima facie case of abuse. Two preliminary issues had to be clarified first: the burden of proof and the thresholds of anti-competitive effects. When a prima facie case of abuse has been established, the dominant undertaking acquires the burden of adducing sufficient evidence to substantiate a defence. This calls for the determination of the degree of probability of the anti-competitive effects that the competition authority or claimant must prove. Defences under Article 102 can be divided into mere defences and objective justification. Mere defences do not plead a new primary fact but are limited to challenging the weight or significance of the evidence adduced by the competition authority or claimant. Objective justification is a defence that pleads a new primary fact consisting of benefits that contribute to long-term social welfare maximization.

10 Jurisdiction of the Tribunal: (SIAC RULE 28)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choong John
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
International Arbitration

This chapter discusses Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) Rule 28. Rule 28 achieves two things. First, it provides a means by which a party, typically a respondent, can submit an early challenge to the existence or validity of an arbitration agreement or the competence of SIAC, which will be determined by the SIAC Court on a prima facie basis. Second, Rule 28 confirms the power of a SIAC tribunal, once constituted, to rule definitively on its own jurisdiction — a power which rests on the twin principles of competence–competence and separability. The chapter also briefly explains the approach taken as a matter of Singapore law to the interpretation of arbitration agreements and the determination of whether a dispute is arbitrable.

Some Thoughts on the Aesthetics of Retribution

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
Theodore Y. Blumoff
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Negative Component ◽  
First Order ◽  
The People ◽  
Criminal Intent

There is a tendency among those who identify themselves as subjectivists on the issue of defining criminal intent to dismiss or minimize the role of actual non-trivial harm in the determination of criminal liability and punishment. That is to say, they are those who argue that an individual’s subjective intent is a sufficient indication of potential dangerousness and culpability to justify punishment. In this essay, the author presents a view, based on Adam Smith’s recognition of the “irregularity of the sentiments,” that actual physical harm matters; that it reflects the negative component of the two great motivators, pleasure and pain; and that it can release the worst sort of emotional reactivity: retribution. The infliction of a non-trivial first order harm can invoke a deeply felt aesthetic reaction which, in turn, reflects our natural (and cognitively “irregular”) human sentiments. Trying to dispense with harm as a feature in our understanding of criminality seems prima facie absurd. Awareness of the sentiment, as Smith understood, helps temper the worst parts of our nature: that which hopes to crush the people and ideas we find threatening. Ironically, the existence of and need for harm as a necessary condition of criminality heightens our awareness of the limitations of reason in dealing with victims of crime. We are not simply cognitive creatures.

scholarly journals “Trampantojo” de foros ante los profusos incumplimientos llevados a cabo por la compañía Ryanair en vuelos internacionales = “Trampantojo” forums for the numerous breaches carried out by Ryanair in international flights

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
David Carrizo Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Member States ◽  
Civil Process ◽  
Online Purchase ◽  
Hierarchical Allocation

Resumen: Desde la perspectiva del proceso civil internacional no cabe duda que el interés básico de las partes es la previsibilidad. Ello se traduce en la necesidad de conocer de antemano, si surgieran las diferencias, ante qué jurisdicción sería preciso hacer valer los derechos. El Reglamento (UE) 1215/2012 parte de una organización estructurada de la competencia judicial internacional, distinguiéndose entre foros exclusivos, sumisión tácita o expresa, el foro del domicilio del demandado, los foros especiales por razón de la materia y los foros de protección. Esta estructura supone una asignación jerarquizada de la competencia judicial internacional entre los distintos Estados miembros. De esta suerte que, prima facie deben conocer los tribunales que vean asignada su competencia con alcance exclusivo y fuera de estos supuestos, los tribunales pueden entrar a conocer a través de acuerdos atributivos de competencia, bien tácita o expresa, o, en su defecto coincidan, bien con el lugar del domicilio del demandado, bien con alguno de los foros especiales por razón de la materia. En el presente estudio se examina un elenco determinado de foros de competencia judicial internacional que se derivan de un contrato de compraventa online de pasaje aéreo internacional con la compañía Ryanair a raíz del novedoso, y porque no decirlo, inaudito pronunciamiento del Tribunal de Luxemburgo de 11 de abril de 2019, asunto ZX.Palabras clave: determinación de órgano jurisdiccional competente, prórroga tácita de competencia, explotación de sucursal, consumidor electrónico, indemnización por retraso aéreo.Abstract: From the perspective of the international civil process, there is no doubt that the basic interest of the parties is predictability. This translates into the need to know beforehand, if differences arise, before which jurisdiction it would be necessary to assert rights. The Regulation (EU) 1215/2012 starts from a structured organization of the international judicial competence, distinguishing between exclusive forums, tacit or express submission, the forum of the domicile of the defendant, the special fórums by reason of the matter and the forums of protection. This structure assumes a hierarchical allocation of international judicial competence between the different Member States. In this way, prima facie should know the courts that are assigned their competence with exclusive scope and outside these cases, the courts can come to know through agreements attributing jurisdiction, either tacit or express, or, failing that match , either with the place of domicile of the defendant, or with any of the special fórums for reason of the matter. The present study examines a specific list of forums of international judicial competence that derive from an online purchase contract for international air tickets with the Ryanair company as a result of the novel and, why not, unprecedented pronouncement by the Luxembourg Court of 11 April 2019, subject ZX.Keywords: determination of competent jurisdictional body, unspoken extension of competence, branch operation, electronic consumer, compensation for air delay.

Locke and Descartes on Free Will

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Kambouchner
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Will

The chapter considers striking parallels in the evolution of Descartes’s and Locke’s thoughts and formulations with regard to the problem of free will, which, from almost opposite starting points, bring them closer together. The ‘family resemblance’ between them (also seen in Malebranche) is due to the recognition of the irreducibility and complexity of the problem concerning the determination of the will—a problem that cannot be solved with simplistic formulations such as ‘the will is necessitated’, or ‘the will is absolutely free’. Both Descartes and Locke carefully distinguish between various aspects of the question: whether the will can or cannot be compelled, whether it can resist the attractiveness of certain perceptions, whether the determination of the will obeys rules. When we examine their most carefully considered positions, what appears prima facie as an antinomy between the two doctrines must be significantly nuanced, to the point that the affinities prevail.

Galactic orbits of stars

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Richard Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Globular Cluster ◽  
Potential Field ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Velocity Vector ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 549-554
Author(s):  
Nino Panagia
Keyword(s):  
Angular Size ◽  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Distance Modulus ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

International determination of the total motion of the pole

1961 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Wm. Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Future

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).

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