Location and hierarchical allocation disaster with combined ε-constraint and simulation-based optimization approach

The increasing frequency of natural disasters and the necessity of proper planning to minimize the impact and casualties of such crises have always been matters of great concern to human societies. In this study, a hybrid mathematical-simulative location-allocation model is proposed to carry out disaster management (DM) efforts with maximum coverage in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake. The proposed model consists of two phases: determining the optimal location of the temporary emergency stations (TECs), followed by optimal and hierarchical allocation of casualties to said temporary medical centers (TMCs). Given the contradictory nature of the model’s two objectives, that is, minimizing the cost of setting up TMCs and the time taken to transfer casualties to TMC. In the second phase, a simulation-based optimization approach is employed to simulate casualties’ behavior at the onset of the disaster and to determine the optimal capacity of the medical centers. The findings indicate that the costs and distance traveled by casualties during the earthquake have been reduced by 15%.

“Trampantojo” de foros ante los profusos incumplimientos llevados a cabo por la compañía Ryanair en vuelos internacionales = “Trampantojo” forums for the numerous breaches carried out by Ryanair in international flights

Resumen: Desde la perspectiva del proceso civil internacional no cabe duda que el interés básico de las partes es la previsibilidad. Ello se traduce en la necesidad de conocer de antemano, si surgieran las diferencias, ante qué jurisdicción sería preciso hacer valer los derechos. El Reglamento (UE) 1215/2012 parte de una organización estructurada de la competencia judicial internacional, distinguiéndose entre foros exclusivos, sumisión tácita o expresa, el foro del domicilio del demandado, los foros especiales por razón de la materia y los foros de protección. Esta estructura supone una asignación jerarquizada de la competencia judicial internacional entre los distintos Estados miembros. De esta suerte que, prima facie deben conocer los tribunales que vean asignada su competencia con alcance exclusivo y fuera de estos supuestos, los tribunales pueden entrar a conocer a través de acuerdos atributivos de competencia, bien tácita o expresa, o, en su defecto coincidan, bien con el lugar del domicilio del demandado, bien con alguno de los foros especiales por razón de la materia. En el presente estudio se examina un elenco determinado de foros de competencia judicial internacional que se derivan de un contrato de compraventa online de pasaje aéreo internacional con la compañía Ryanair a raíz del novedoso, y porque no decirlo, inaudito pronunciamiento del Tribunal de Luxemburgo de 11 de abril de 2019, asunto ZX.Palabras clave: determinación de órgano jurisdiccional competente, prórroga tácita de competencia, explotación de sucursal, consumidor electrónico, indemnización por retraso aéreo.Abstract: From the perspective of the international civil process, there is no doubt that the basic interest of the parties is predictability. This translates into the need to know beforehand, if differences arise, before which jurisdiction it would be necessary to assert rights. The Regulation (EU) 1215/2012 starts from a structured organization of the international judicial competence, distinguishing between exclusive forums, tacit or express submission, the forum of the domicile of the defendant, the special fórums by reason of the matter and the forums of protection. This structure assumes a hierarchical allocation of international judicial competence between the different Member States. In this way, prima facie should know the courts that are assigned their competence with exclusive scope and outside these cases, the courts can come to know through agreements attributing jurisdiction, either tacit or express, or, failing that match , either with the place of domicile of the defendant, or with any of the special fórums for reason of the matter. The present study examines a specific list of forums of international judicial competence that derive from an online purchase contract for international air tickets with the Ryanair company as a result of the novel and, why not, unprecedented pronouncement by the Luxembourg Court of 11 April 2019, subject ZX.Keywords: determination of competent jurisdictional body, unspoken extension of competence, branch operation, electronic consumer, compensation for air delay.

全球化生產下民工公民身分差序體制:比較中國沿海三個區域

China’s migrant workers are not treated as equal citizens in their sojourning cities. They are systemically discriminated against by virtue of China’s system of differential citizenship, but their situation varies according to different local conditions. Scholars have argued that globalization has brought about hierarchies of citizenship among the world’s nation-states. However, they have paid little attention to the effects of globalization on the hierarchical allocation of citizen rights within the nation-state. The article argues that globalization in the form of foreign investment does not have a uniform impact on the allocation of citizen rights across regions in a huge country rich in diversity. Rather, divergent local citizenship regimes have emerged due to varying configurations of local conditions and their interaction with state policy and global capital. The article defines three types of local migrant citizenship regimes and compares different institutional arrangements, official and corporate behavior, and migrants’ situation across regions. 中國農民工在旅居地缺乏完整公民權,不被當成平等的市民(公民)對待,遭受公民身分差序體制的歧視與排除,但歧視待遇因地而異。有研究者論證,全球化使得民族國家之間產生公民身分階層化的關係。但是,該類研究甚少注意到全球化帶給民族國家內部之公民權利階層化的現象。本文論證:全球化生產下,外資對中國公民權利配置的影響並非單一模式,而是表現出區域差異。不同地區條件的組合,以及這些條件與國家政策和全球資本的互動,催生了不同的地方公民身分體制。本文界定了三種地方公民身分體制的類型,並比較上海、蘇南、珠三角等區域之間在制度安排、地方政府與企業行為、以及民工處境上的差異。本文研究材料來自田野調查深度訪談、匯總統計資料分析、以及官方文件分析。 (This article is in English.)

Sapwood allocation in tropical trees: a test of hypotheses

Carbon allocation to sapwood in tropical canopy trees is a key process determining forest carbon sequestration, and is at the heart of tree growth and dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM). Several allocation hypotheses exist including those applying assumptions on fixed allocation, pipe model, and hierarchical allocation between plant organs. We use a tree growth model (IBTREE) to evaluate these hypotheses by comparing simulated sapwood growth with 30 year tree ring records of the tropical long-lived tree Toona ciliata M. Roem. in Thailand. Simulated annual variation in wood production varied among hypotheses. Observed and simulated growth patterns matched most closely (r2 = 0.70) when hierarchical allocation was implemented, with low priority for sapwood. This allocation method showed realistic results with respect to reserve dynamics, partitioning and productivity and was the only one able to capture the large annual variation in tree ring width. Consequently, this method might also explain the large temporal variation in diameter growth and the occurrence of missing rings often encountered in other tropical tree species. Overall, our results show that sapwood growth is highly sensitive to allocation principles, and that allocation assumptions may greatly influence estimated carbon sequestration of tropical forests under climatic change.