What causes speciation?
The balance of evidence from earlier chapters is largely consistent with the reality of species units. This chapter therefore moves on to investigate what causes new species to form. This process involves a series of steps involving the origin of new diversifying conditions, the genetic response of the organisms to those conditions, the persistence of the newly diverged species, and the re-establishment of diversifying conditions in one or more of the descendants to restart the process. Distinguishing the role of geographical isolation and divergent selection in this process, the chapter reviews the theory and evidence for the causes of speciation from systematic evidence across whole clades. In particular, it focuses on whether speciation depends more on the extrinsic conditions favouring divergence or the intrinsic responses of the affected organisms. More integrated theory and coordinated efforts to uncover speciation dynamics for whole clades or regions are needed to answer these questions.