Berkeley on Continuous Creation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukjae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Continuous Creation ◽  
The World

This paper argues that Berkeley restricts his endorsement of the continuous creation thesis to the domain of physical bodies. Such a restricted application of the thesis reveals the distinctive nature of Berkeley’s occasionalism, an occasionalism ‘contained’. In contrast to the ‘top-down’ approach of Malebranche, where foundational theological principles dictate the nature of divine and creaturely causality, resulting in a type of global occasionalism, in the case of Berkeley, the approach is better characterized as one that is ‘bottom up’, an occasionalism that finds its place after the basic setup of the metaphysical makeup of the world is in place. Consistent with this reading is the suggestion that Berkeley’s occasionalism thus restricted is motivated by the explanatory advantages of occasionalism rather than the theological claim that conservation is continuous creation.

scholarly journals The world city network: Evaluating top-down versus bottom-up approaches

Cities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Lüthi ◽  
Alain Thierstein ◽  
Michael Hoyler
Keyword(s):  
World City ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
World City Network ◽  
The World ◽  
City Network

The consortium GLADSOILMAP

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Arrouays ◽  
Zamir Libohova ◽  
Budiman Minansny ◽  
Vera Leatitia Mulder ◽  
Laura Poggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The World

<p>Soils have critical relevance to global issues, such as food and water security, climate regulation, sustainable energy, desertification and biodiversity protection. All these examples require accurate national soil property information and there is a need to scientific support to develop reliable baseline soil information and pathways for measuring and monitoring soils. Soil sustainable management is a global issue, but effective actions require high-resolution data about soil properties. Two projects, GlobalSoilMap and SoilGrids, aim at delivering the first generation of high-resolution soil property grids for the globe, the first one by a bottom-up approach (from country to globe), the latter by top-down (global). The GLobAl Digital SOIL MAP (GLADSOILMAP) consortium brings together world scientific leaders involved in both projects. The consortium aims at developing and transferring methods to improve the prediction accuracy of soil properties and their associated uncertainty, by using legacy soil data and ancillary spatial information. This approach brings together new technologies and methods, existing soil databases and expert knowledge. The consortium aims at transferring methods to achieve convergence between top-down and bottom-up approaches, and to generate methods for delivering maps of soil properties. These maps are essential for communities from climate and environmental modeling to decision making and sustainable resources management at a scale that is relevant to soil management. The consortium will ensure links with the numerous actors in geosciences of the world, and will contribute to improving their skills in digital mapping and their national and international legibility. The actions include 4 main Work Packages (WP) subdivided into several tasks that are summarized below:</p><p> </p><p>WP0 Management of the project</p><p>WP1 Legacy and ancillary data for Digital Soil Mapping (DSM)</p><p>Test the potential of new ancillary data for DSM</p><p>Explore methodologies to merge and/or harmonize different products</p><p>Propose methods for harmonizing products to a common date</p><p> </p><p>WP2 Methods for sampling, modelling and mapping soils in space and time</p><p>Testing and developing new methods/models for prediction</p><p>Testing methods for estimating complete probability distribution</p><p> </p><p>WP3 Methods for estimating model and map uncertainty</p><p>Develop methods of uncertainty spatial assessment</p><p>Develop methods do deal with censored data/soft data</p><p>Solve the question of influence on the age of the rescued soil data on predictions</p><p> </p><p>WP4 Scientific outreach and capacity building</p><p>Produce an exhaustive review of GlobalSoilMap initiatives and results all over the world</p><p>Revise and update the GlobalSoilMap specifications by keeping them at the state-of-the-art level</p><p>Show relevance of gridded, Global, DSM by use cases and communication to end users</p><p> </p><p>The added value of the consortium is to allow a direct scientific exchange between members that should result in synthesis papers, in the identification of the major knowledge gaps, and in extending, deepening and disseminating knowledge of DSM, with the final aim to contribute to the achievement of global soil maps. Another added value of the consortium will certainly be to foster the creation of new ideas.</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledgements: the Consortium GLADSOILMAP is supported by LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced studies.</p>

scholarly journals The Potential And Limits Of Mobile Phone Usage For Development In Africa: Innovation And Top-Down-Meets-Bottom-Up Partnering

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hosman ◽  
Elizabeth Fife
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The World ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
Mobile Phone Usage

The African continent currently boasts the highest mobile telephony growth rates in the world, bringing new communications possibilities to millions of people. The potential for mobile phones to reach a large and growing base of users across the continent, and be used for development-related purposes, is becoming widely recognized, evidenced by the growing number of development-oriented projects, applications, and programs that specifically make use of mobiles. Pent up demand and limited resources have led to innovative usage and services being developed at the grassroots level. Yet much remains to be done by governments in order to support further growth of telecommunications markets and services, while the private sector, non-profits, and academics all have an important role to play in the development process as well. The phenomenon of top-down-meeting-bottom up partnerships that are springing up across the continent offers the potential for cultivating the necessary feedback loops between various actors involved in the development process, in order to create relevant applications that meet real needs.

Norm Setting and Transparency and Confidence-Building in Space Governance

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-90
Author(s):  
Theresa Hitchens
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
International Level ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
The World ◽  
Space Activities

Governance of the use of space, both at the national and the international level, is complicated. Because most countries in the world have been reticent over the last thirty years to negotiate new legally binding commitments in space, ongoing multilateral work on space governance has concentrated primarily on voluntary measures. This chapter reviews and compares the two most salient of these initiatives: the normative recommendations of the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities agreed by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Working Group. While the GGE was “top-down” focused on transparency and confidence-building to avoid conflict among States, the LTS Working Group was a “bottom-up” approach for safe and sustainable practices with regard to the use of space. The conclusion looks at how States can best implement the recommendations.

scholarly journals Behaviour adoption approaches during public health emergencies: implications for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e004450
Author(s):  
Mohamed F Jalloh ◽  
Aasli A Nur ◽  
Sophia A Nur ◽  
Maike Winters ◽  
Jamie Bedson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Contextual Framework ◽  
Protective Behaviours

Human behaviour will continue to play an important role as the world grapples with public health threats. In this paper, we draw from the emerging evidence on behaviour adoption during diverse public health emergencies to develop a framework that contextualises behaviour adoption vis-à-vis a combination of top-down, intermediary and bottom-up approaches. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, we operationalise the contextual framework to demonstrate how these three approaches differ in terms of their implementation, underlying drivers of action, enforcement, reach and uptake. We illustrate how blended strategies that include all three approaches can help accelerate and sustain protective behaviours that will remain important even when safe and effective vaccines become more widely available. As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic and prepares to respond to (re)emerging public health threats, our contextual framework can inform the design, implementation, tracking and evaluation of comprehensive public health and social measures during health emergencies.

Recasting Roles

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-176
Author(s):  
Séverine Autesserre
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
The World ◽  
Book Building

Chapter Six explains how people who work in war zones can learn from the success stories presented throughout the book. Building on the stories of remarkable individuals and organizations from various parts of the world, it offers concrete ideas that can inspire readers and give them models to follow. The chapter first identifies the main characteristics of effective peacebuilders (whether donors, diplomats, United Nations peacekeepers, non-governmental organization staff members, or grassroots activists), and explains how outsiders can best help host populations resolve conflicts. It then recognizes the need for international involvement, emphasizing the value that foreigners have as outsiders in conflict zones while acknowledging the challenges that their presence poses, and discussing the benefits and limitations of relying on local elites and ordinary citizens. Throughout, this chapter advocates for a different, more effective approach to building peace—both from the bottom up and from the top down.

Beyond the Desert Landscape

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-190
Author(s):  
Karl J. Friston
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Active Perception ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The World ◽  
Neuronal Processing ◽  
Desert Landscape

To what extent is predictive processing enactivist? This overview of predictive processing and active inference offers an account of embodied exchange with the world that associates neuronal processing with inferring the causes of our sensations. Crucially, one of the most important causes of the sensorium is our own behaviour, which—perhaps counterintuitively—has to be inferred. The agenda—in active inference—is to link formal (mathematical) descriptions of dynamical systems to a description of active perception in terms of beliefs and goals. In short, it tries to understand why and how we gather evidence for our own existence. There are several approaches to this sort of formulation. This chapter compares and contrasts a Helmholtzian or Kantian (bottom-up) approach—via perception—with the sort of (top-down) approaches offered by the statistical physics of self-organisation in sentient systems.

scholarly journals Extending the Concept of City for the Delineation of Large Urban Regions (LUR) for the Cities of the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Rozenblat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
City Region ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The World

Cities’ delineation remains a hot topic of debate in a time where comparisons between cities are becoming increasingly based on different issues that address various scales of interventions and thus different concepts of cities. Aiming to compare cities and their insertion into globalization, we suggest that the “urban field of influence” is the best way to approach cities for this specific perspective. However, after reviewing the different existing possible concepts, we replace this concept with four different approaches proposed by Pumain et al. (1992): political entities, morphological agglomerations, functional urban areas and conurbations/Mega city regions. We discuss the top-down and bottom-up existing initiatives launched at the world scale and then use a mixed top-down and bottom-up approach to propose a new delineation of a large urban region (LUR), denoting a concept close to the conurbation or Mega city-region concept. The compositions of these LURs are published as an initial incomplete framework, suggesting the need for further critical comments and contributions to improve them.

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