Serotonin regulation of behaviour via large-scale neuromodulation of serotonin receptor networks

Although we understand how serotonin receptors function at the single-cell level, what role different serotonin receptors play in regulating brain-wide activity and, in turn, human behaviour, remains unknown. Here, we developed transcriptomic-neuroimaging mapping to characterise brain-wide functional signatures associated with specific serotonin receptors: serotonin receptor networks (SRNs). Probing SRNs with optogenetics-fMRI and pharmacology in mice, we show that activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons differentially modulates the amplitude and functional connectivity of different SRNs, showing that receptors’ spatial distributions can confer specificity not only at the local, but also at the brain-wide, network-level. In humans, using resting state fMRI, different sets of SRNs are linked to different behavioural phenotypes. These results provide compelling evidence that heterogeneous brain-wide distributions of different serotonin receptor types may underpin behaviourally-distinct modes of serotonin regulation. This suggests that dorsal raphe serotonin neurons may regulate multiple aspects of human behaviour via modulation of large-scale receptor networks.

Death Reminders

Discussing school shootings as current or historical events in social studies classrooms can be a difficult endeavour, as it requires confronting death and making sense of violent human behaviour. This chapter asserts that existential anxiety plays a role in helping us better understand these tragedies. Terror management theory (TMT) accounts for existential anxiety as a driver of human behaviour and can be a powerful conceptual tool to help students and teachers unpack the difficult subject matter of school shootings, as well as provide insight for behavioural responses that may emerge in the classroom in response to these discussions. As a result, TMT contributes a classroom of care that fosters a sense of student agency for which to imagine a preferable future.

Human Behaviour in Organizations

It is crucial to grasp individual behaviour in organizations. This can shed light on evaluation of organizational outcomes. The evaluation can assist in deciding changes required. This chapter investigates organizational behaviour models. The investigation aims to develop a better comprehension of human behaviour. The chapter examines the most reviewed organizational behaviour models. These models are the human relation, the system perspective, productivity perspective, the human resource approach, the contingency approach, and finally, the situation approach. These models are argued to be elementalistic. The elementalism leads to perceive humans and their behaviour in a partial manner. The Aristotelian structure of language underpinning Indo-European languages upholds such elementalism. The structure is built on three laws. These are “is” of identity, two value orientation, and excluding middle stance. The chapter presents some principles of Islam to transform organizational behaviour models. The model enriched by Islam is argued to be in flux.

EASE Blog Publication Feature - Cost of science in transition economies

The (ir)rational consideration of the cost of science in transition economies. Nature Human Behaviour 2018;2(1). doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0281-4

LEXEMES DENOTING LOUD AND QUIET SOUNDS IN HILL MARI

В статье на материале горномарийского языка, относящегося к уральской семье, рассматриваются прилагательные и наречия со значениями высокой громкости (‘громкий’ / ‘громко’) и низкой громкости (‘тихий / тихо’). Данные собраны в ходе полевой работы в с. Кузнецово и окрестных деревнях методом анкетирования носителей языка и путем анализа собранного в экспедициях корпуса расшифровок устных текстов; также проведено сопоставление с материалами словарей. Учтены сведения из доступных (хотя и немногочисленных) исследований рассматриваемой группы лексики в других языках. Теоретической базой служит фреймовый подход к лексической типологии, опирающийся на анализ сочетаемости лексем. Обсуждаются семантические противопоставления в рассматриваемом поле (низкая громкость vs. отсутствие звука, речевые vs. неречевые контексты, особые лексемы для тихого поведения человека и тихой обстановки). Проанализированы модели полисемии лексем поля (использование в контекстах высокой и низкой громкости интенсификаторов с более широкой сочетаемостью, связь с семантическим полем скорости). Затронут ряд диахронических аспектов, в частности соотношение значений низкой громкости и низкой скорости с исторической точки зрения. Данные обсуждаются в свете теоретических работ, посвященных проблемам полисемии в лексике (Е. В. Рахилина, Т. И. Резникова, В. А. Плунгян и др.), средствам выражения каритивной семантики (С. М. Толстая и др.), противопоставлению между компонентом значения и отменяемой контекстом импликатурой (Е. В. Падучева, К. Кеарнс и др.). The article deals with adjectives and adverbs meaning ‘loud’ / ‘loudly’ and ‘quiet’ / ‘quietly’ in Hill Mari ( Uralic). The data were collected in fieldwork in the village of Kuznetsovo and in some nearby villages. I relied on the method of elicitation, as well as on the analysis of the corpus of transcribed oral narratives. The material from the published dictionaries was also considered. Studies of the domain in question (although quite rare) in other languages were taken into account as well. The theoretical framework of the article is the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which implies comparing the semantics of lexemes through the analysis of their combinability. I discuss semantic oppositions in the domain under consideration (low sound vs. absence of sound, speech vs. non-speech contexts, special lexemes for human behaviour and environment). Polysemy patterns developed by the relevant lexemes are analysed (the use of intensifiers with broad combinability in the contexts of loudness, the relation to the domain of speed). Some diachronic issues are touched upon, in particular the historical link between the meanings of low sound and low speed. The data are discussed in a theoretical perspective, including the issues of lexical polysemy (cf. papers by E. Rakhilina, T. Reznikova, V. Plungian, among others), caritive expressions in the lexicon (S. Tolstaya, among others), the opposition between a meaning component and an implicature which can be cancelled in a context (E. Paducheva, K. Kearns, among others).

Human Emergency Behaviour Characteristics in Large-scale Emergencies Based on Mobile Communication Data

The characteristics of human emergency behaviour under the emergency are a crucial scientific issue in basic emergency management research. The analysis of time dynamic aspects of human behaviour based on electronic footprint data provides a new method for quantitative investigation of this problem. Previous studies generally assumed that human behaviours were randomly distributed in time, but few studies studied the impact of emergencies and carried out prediction methods through social media data. Using mobile QQ space communication data, this paper from four kinds of emergencies and one kind of conventional event data, digging out the statistical characteristic on the time dimension of human communication behaviour, and in case of any emergencies, such as public security mode of evolution, to explore intrinsic emergency regularity of the impact of human communication behaviour model and further predict human behaviour characteristics. We found that the communication peaks accompanying an emergency are local in time, resulting in a communication avalanche that importantly engages eyewitness social networks. In mobile QQ space communication, the probability distribution of the interval time of the Posting behaviour sequence shows the statistical characteristics of power-law and approximate exponential tail. Compared with most of the typical Posting behaviour, the probability distribution of the interval time of the Posting behaviour sequence is higher. At the same time, the mnemonic is lower than most of the typical Posting behaviour, with a weak anti- mnemonic. These results are theoretically helpful in understanding the regularity of the impact of emergencies on human communication behaviour patterns and have potential application value in predicting the impact degree of crises and the analysis and classification of human social attributes.

Educational psychology, an outline of the major trends in its development

A characteristic peculiar ta the 20th century has been the emphasis placed upon psychology. Significant recent advances in the physical sciences have been mainly <div>applications of past experience and methods of research in the particular field. The psychological implications of the recent advances in physical sciences for human welfare, human nature and human experience that have manifested themselves in our time, are new. Interest in these implications pervades all institutions, industrial, educational, medical, economical, among them, and introduces an increasing accuracy into our insights of human behaviour. So new is the psychological development that complete ordering of the boundaries of the branches and aspects of psychological data has yet to be achieved. A variety of areas is being developed, with constant readjustment of relations between developed areas, and as it continues, the scientifically verifiable background knowledge of education accumulates.</div>

Educational psychology, an outline of the major trends in its development

A characteristic peculiar ta the 20th century has been the emphasis placed upon psychology. Significant recent advances in the physical sciences have been mainly <div>applications of past experience and methods of research in the particular field. The psychological implications of the recent advances in physical sciences for human welfare, human nature and human experience that have manifested themselves in our time, are new. Interest in these implications pervades all institutions, industrial, educational, medical, economical, among them, and introduces an increasing accuracy into our insights of human behaviour. So new is the psychological development that complete ordering of the boundaries of the branches and aspects of psychological data has yet to be achieved. A variety of areas is being developed, with constant readjustment of relations between developed areas, and as it continues, the scientifically verifiable background knowledge of education accumulates.</div>