Stigmata in an Age of Religious Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 218-248
Author(s):  
Carolyn Muessig
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Holy Women

Chapter 6 turns to the competing views of holiness and religion held by Reforming theologians including Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Theodore Beza, as well as Catholic thinkers like John Fisher, Laurentius Surius, and Louis of Granada. It assesses the shifting sands of the sixteenth century when well-established holy women like Magdalena de la Cruz (d. 1560) were imprisoned as sham stigmatics. It demonstrates that some Catholic and Protestants diverged and at times converged in commenting on Galatians 6:17, revealing a range of responses toward stigmatization, some less predictable than others. Far from disappearing from religious discourse, in the sixteenth century assessments of stigmatics and stigmatization took on renewed energy.

Liberty and Religion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Gatti
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
The Will ◽  
Theological Thinking

This chapter addresses the question of liberty in sixteenth-century religious debates. It first takes a look at the discussion between the Augustinian friar Martin Luther and Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam concerning the freedom of the will. The chapter then turns to the theological thinking of John Calvin and the reintroduction into the Protestant world of the notion of heresy. Hereafter the chapter details the circumstances surrounding the dramatic rupture between the friar Giordano Bruno and the Dominican order, including the philosophical doctrines which eventually landed him in the Inquisition. Finally, this chapter follows up on Bruno's insights through the commentary of theologians Richard Hooker and Jacob Harmensz, who is more widely known as Jacobus Arminius.

The Lombardian Formula in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-69
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Reformed Churches

This chapter, continuing the historical survey of the previous chapter, slows down and focuses on the reception of the so-called Lombardian formula in the Reformation and early Post-Reformation period, especially among the Reformed churches. After looking at how well-known Reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Zachary Ursinus understood the Lombardian formula, concentration shifts to a few critical events that provide important background to the Synod of Dordt and intra-Reformed debates on the extent of the atonement. More specifically, the chapter covers a late sixteenth-century debate between the Lutheran Jacob Andreae and the Reformed theologian Theodore Beza on the extent of Christ’s work. Next, it looks at the back-and-forth between Jacob Arminius and William Perkins. Finally, it gives a thorough examination of the Hague Conference of 1611, which featured a discussion of the various doctrines of grace among the Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants.

Protestants and Continental Reformers (1517–1600)

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-232
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Institutional Commitment ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
The Bible ◽  
New Birth ◽  
Heart And Mind ◽  
The Catholic Church

By the early sixteenth century, the call to conversion had moved in other and more radical directions, resulting initially in renewed personal spiritual commitment at odds with the Catholic Church and then moving to outright schism and a change of institutional commitment. Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin experienced new and profound reorientations through their focus on the Bible and its teaching of salvation by faith alone, by grace alone, and through Christ alone. Anabaptists such as Menno Simons embraced these basic teachings but also placed emphasis on conversion (the “new birth”) as a life of discipleship. The reformers’ success in transmitting a thoroughgoing change of heart and mind to the populace, however, had mixed results. Political resistance, spiritual indifference, theological polemics, Catholic intransigence, and the persistence of ancient magic lore and occult practices ensured that the wholesale reformation of Europe, even in Protestant-controlled areas, would never become a reality.

Reprobation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Feenstra
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
In Christ

Reprobation is an eternal decision by God that results in everlasting death and punishment for some persons. The doctrine of reprobation typically takes one of three forms: (1) that God from eternity decreed to elect some without regard to faith or works and to reprobate others without regard to sin or unbelief, both to display his glory and for reasons we do not know (sometimes called double predestination); (2) that God from eternity decreed to elect some, despite their sin, and to abandon the rest, with the cause of their reprobation being sin and unbelief; or (3) that God from eternity elected those he foreknew would believe in Christ and reprobated those he foreknew would persist in sin and unbelief. Reprobation doctrine was developed by Augustine and appears in the theology of Thomas Aquinas, Martin Luther and John Calvin, who were deeply indebted to Augustine’s thought. Although some Lutheran and Roman Catholic theologians have defended reprobation doctrine since the sixteenth century, Reformed theologians have stressed it and made it the occasion of controversy.

Martin Luther, Martin Guerre, and Ways of Knowing

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Natalie Zemon Davis
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Historical Inquiry

Responding to a quip by a fellow historian, who feared that Martin Guerre might become better known than Martin Luther, this guest column, by the author of The Return of Martin Guerre, affirms that they are part of the same universe of historical inquiry. Knowing about Martin Guerre brings understanding of the peasant world, which is also important for the trajectory of Luther’s Reformation. Knowing about Martin Luther brings knowledge of major religious change essential to understanding Martin Guerre’s village world and what happened in it. Themes of “imposture” and “dissimulation” and the fashioning of identity are central to social conflicts and social and personal aspiration across the spectrum in the sixteenth century: they are found in the actual lives of both men and in Martin Luther’s sermons as well as in the Martin Guerre trial.

scholarly journals Die gestaltes van Philipp Melanchthon se Spreukekommentaar

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Alfred Loader
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Other ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Teaching Activities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon ◽  
The One ◽  
German Universities ◽  
The Way

This article argues the following thesis: The distinctive characteristics of Philipp Melanchthon’s Explicatio Proverbiorum Salomonis (1525 and following years) and the differences between the several editions or versions of it can only partly be explained by the origins of the book in Melanchthon’s teaching activities during the ferment at German universities in the course of the sixteenth century Reformation. Both the peculiarities of the commentary itself and the way several differing versions of it were tolerated alongside one another only become explicable when a theological consideration is brought into the equation. On the one hand this resides in the view of Holy Scripture shared by Melanchthon and Martin Luther, and on the other hand in the humanist notion of context that Melanchthon’s exegetical work had in common with that of John Calvin.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP SOLA SCRIPTURA TEOLOGI REFORMED

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Iman Kristina Halawa
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
Evangelical Church ◽  
History Of

The history of Church reform in the sixteenth century has had an impact on various fields of life, one of which is theology. The Sola Scriptura principle is an important pillar in reform. But at this time there are many elements who claim to apply the principle of Sola Scriptura just because it quotes a verse. There are even individuals in the evangelical church who ignore this principle. Through this paper try to give a thought about the implementation of the principle of sola Scriptura by the Reformers of the XVI century, especially the thoughts of Martin Luther and John Calvin. So that theologians may relearn how to apply the principle of sola scriptura in accordance with the spirit of reform.

scholarly journals Huldrych Zwingli: Reformation in Conflict

Perichoresis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brett Eccher
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Early Death ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

Abstract The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Despite his stature, Reformation historiography has sadly relegated Zwingli to a lesser status behind reformers such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and John Calvin. However, his contribution to the changing religious ethos of Reformation Europe was pivotal, yet always accompanied by controversy. In fact, this essay will argue that almost all of the Reformation gains made by Zwingli over the course of roughly twenty-five years of ministry took place through conflict. All the Protestant reformers experienced an element of conflict as a part of their work. Such was the nature of religious renewal and reform in the sixteenth century. Still, conflict not only facilitated and drove Zwingli’s Reformation, but was also a theme woven throughout his life. And in Zwingli’s case war was both figurative and literal. His battles moved well beyond those of his contemporary reformers. Beginning with his haunting experiences as a young chaplain in the Swiss army and culminating with his early death on the battlefield at Kappel, conflict shaped Zwingli’s life, ministry and theology. His was a life characterized by volatility; his Reformation was contested every step of the way. As a portrait of Zwingli emerges against the historic backdrop of war, division and strife, his lasting contributions to the convictions and practices of Protestantism, especially in Baptist and Presbyterian life, should become apparent.

Hymnody and Liturgy

2019 ◽  
pp. 491-506
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hehn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Metrical Psalmody ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

This chapter outlines the history of Presbyterian worship practice from the sixteenth century to the present, with a focus on North American Presbyterians. Tracing both their hymnody and their liturgy ultimately to John Calvin, Presbyterian communions have a distinct heritage of worship inherited from the Church of Scotland via seventeenth-century Puritans. Long marked by metrical psalmody and guided by the Westminster Directory, Presbyterian worship underwent substantial changes in the nineteenth century. Evangelical and liturgical movements led Presbyterians away from a Puritan visual aesthetic, into the use of nonscriptural hymnody, and toward a recovery of liturgical books. Mainline North American and Scottish Presbyterians solidified these trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; however, conservative North American denominations and some other denominations globally continue to rely heavily on the use of a worship directory and metrical psalmody.

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