An introduction to advance care planning: practice at the frontline

Author(s):  
Anjali Mullick ◽  
Jonathan Martin

Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of formal decision-making that aims to help patients establish decisions about future care that take effect when they lose capacity. In our experience, guidance for clinicians rarely provides detailed practical advice on how it can be successfully carried out in a clinical setting. This may create a barrier to ACP discussions which might otherwise benefit patients, families and professionals. The focus of this paper is on sharing our experience of ACP as clinicians and offering practical tips on elements of ACP, such as triggers for conversations, communication skills, and highlighting the formal aspects that are potentially involved. We use case vignettes to better illustrate the application of ACP in clinical practice.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117822421982657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Harrison Dening ◽  
Elizabeth L Sampson ◽  
Kay De Vries

The process of advance care planning in dementia is far from straightforward; as dementia progresses, the ability to consider future thoughts and actions becomes compromised, thus affecting decision-making abilities. Family carers find themselves increasingly in a position where they need to inform, or directly make, decisions on behalf of the person with dementia. This article discusses the context and importance of a palliative care approach and recommends rationales and strategies for healthcare professionals to support families affected by dementia to better plan for their future care.


2019 ◽  
pp. 096853321988409
Author(s):  
Jo Samanta

Advance care planning is used by adults to express value-based preferences for informing future care and treatment decisions following their loss of decision-making capacity. It is a means for ascertaining previous preferences about types of care and treatment as well as wider concerns. In English law, advance care planning incorporates advance decisions to refuse treatment, statements of wishes and, more recently, the appointment of attorneys who act under the authority of a Lasting Power of Attorney for health and welfare. This article considers these mechanisms together with some of their merits and potential shortcomings. It also considers whether other approaches, such as advance consent, might be a useful addition. Ultimately, it argues that used in isolation the current options are insufficient on legal and pragmatic grounds, albeit for different reasons. For persons with a strong sense of their personal treatment and care preferences following their loss of decision-making capacity, a combined and synergistic approach is recommended.


2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Panocchia ◽  
Roberta Minacori ◽  
Dario Sacchini ◽  
Luigi Tazza ◽  
Antonio G. Spagnolo

La decisione sull’accesso o la sospensione del trattamento dialitico in pazienti con insufficienza renale cronica (IRC) attualmente ruota intorno al riconoscimento di quei pazienti per i quali non è indicato. Pertanto, l’iniziale questione etica secondo cui occorreva assicurare il trattamento a tutti i numerosi pazienti che avrebbero potuto ottenerne un beneficio, è stata avvicendata da un problema opposto: individuare, tra i molti candidati alla dialisi, coloro che non ne ricaverebbero un beneficio apprezzabile. Laddove, infatti, il trattamento non sia in grado di offrire i benefici medici attesi, configurando una vera e propria futilità medica oppure laddove la gravosità imposta dal trattamento (effetti collaterali, complicanze, ecc.) superi i benefici che questo è in grado di offrire al paziente, è eticamente appropriato non iniziare (o eventualmente sospendere) il trattamento stesso. Alcune società scientifiche specialistiche già da anni hanno elaborato specifiche linee-guida (l-g). Il contributo si sofferma in particolare sull’ultima versione della Shared Decision Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis, Clinical Practice Guideline della Renal Physician Association (RPA) statunitense, la quale tiene conto dei mutamenti epidemiologici e, conseguentemente, dei nuovi criteri clinici utilizzabili per la gestione dei pazienti con IRC eleggibili per il trattamento dialitico: principalmente l’età sempre più avanzata e le comorbidità cardiovascolari e metaboliche. La questione più cogente riguarda l’individuazione dei pazienti in cui il trattamento dialitico non è di giovamento in termini di sopravvivenza e qualità della salute. Inoltre le nuove l-g insistono sull’importanza dello shared decision making quale modalità elettiva di relazione medico paziente. Dal punto di vista bioetico, il documento registra significativi cambiamenti lessicali che profilerebbero altrettanti mutamenti culturali come, ad es., la sostituzione del termine consenso/rifiuto informato con l’espressione “informazione al paziente” oppure “direttive anticipate” con pianificazione anticipata delle cure (advance care planning). Nel presente articolo vengono esaminati alcuni articoli di commento a queste l-g, i quali argomentano a favore del superamento del “classico” paradigma fondato sull’autonomia a favore di un apparente recupero della beneficità/non maleficità. In appendice, viene offerta al dibattito la “Proposta di linee-guida etiche per un’appropriata indicazione al trattamento dialitico” nata dall’incontro tra la complessità dei casi clinici gestiti dall’Unità operativa di Emodialisi del Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” di Roma e la riflessione etica condotta nell’ambito delle consulenze di etica clinica fornite dall’Istituto di Bioetica dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore all’interno del Progetto “Servizio INTegrato di bioEtica Applicata” presentata la prima volta nel Corso di un Convegno scientifico nel 2010. ---------- The clinical issue of initiation of and withdrawal from dialysis for patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) is addressed evaluating for which patients the treatment is not indicated. Therefore, the initial question on the provision of dialytic procedure for all the patients who might obtain a benefit was alternated by an opposite problem: to understand, among the many candidates for dialysis, those who wouldn’t have a benefit. In fact, if the treatment is not able to offer the expected effectiveness, so configuring a medical futility or where the burdensomeness of the treatment (side effects, complications, etc.) exceed the benefits, it is ethically more appropriate not to start (or possibly withdraw) the treatment itself. Some scientific societies have edited specific guidelines. The article focuses on the last version of the Shared Decision Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis, Clinical Practice Guideline of the U.S. Renal Physician Association (RPA), that takes into account changes in epidemiology and clinical management of patients eligible for renal replacement treatment: mainly, increasingly advanced age, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and comorbidity. The most compelling clinical issue is the identification of patients whose dialysis treatment is not beneficial in terms of survival and quality of health. Moreover, the RPA guidelines highlight the relevance of shared decision making as elective way for the physician-patient relationship. From the bioethics perspective, some lexical changes could reflect cultural changes: e.g., the term informed consent/refusal has been replaced by “information to the patient”, as well as “advance directive” by advance care planning. Some commentaries to RPA guidelines argue in favor of the reverse of some paradigms of North American bioethics: for example the overcoming of principle of autonomy towards a presumed restore of the principle of beneficence/ non-maleficence. In the appendix, a “Proposal for ethical guidelines for an appropriate indication for dialysis treatment” is offered to the debate. The document born from a common reflection and interaction between Hemodialysis Unit personnel of “Agostino Gemelli” Teaching Hospital (Rome, Italy) and clinical ethics consultations provided by ethicists of the Institute of Bioethics of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Rome, Italy) along the SINTEA Project (Integrated Service for Applied Bioethics) presented for the first time during a scientific meeting in 2010.


Author(s):  
Simon Chapman ◽  
Ben Lobo

This chapter provides an overview of the MCA’s impact on end-of-life care. It situates the MCA in the current context of policy and practice. It describes how the MCA can be used to improve care, enable people to express and protect choices, and empower and enable the professional and/or the proxy decision maker. It also presents an introduction and explanation of the role of the IMCA and how it might apply to advance care planning (ACP) and end of life decision making, and an explanation of the legal and ethical process involved in reaching best interest decisions, especially for potentially vulnerable people in care homes and other settings.


2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002304
Author(s):  
Judith Rietjens ◽  
Ida Korfage ◽  
Mark Taubert

ObjectivesThere is increased global focus on advance care planning (ACP) with attention from policymakers, more education programmes, laws and public awareness campaigns.MethodsWe provide a summary of the evidence about what ACP is, and how it should be conducted. We also address its barriers and facilitators and discuss current and future models of ACP, including a wider look at how to best integrate those who have diminished decisional capacity.ResultsDifferent models are analysed, including new work in Wales (future care planning which includes best interest decision-making for those without decisional capacity), Asia and in people with dementia.ConclusionsACP practices are evolving. While ACP is a joint responsibility of patients, relatives and healthcare professionals, more clarity on how to apply best ACP practices to include people with diminished capacity will further improve patient-centred care.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 362.2-362
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Bielinska ◽  
Stephanie Archer ◽  
Catherine Urch ◽  
Ara Darzi

IntroductionDespite evidence that advance care planning in older hospital inpatients improves the quality of end-of-life care (Detering 2010) future care planning (FCP) with older adults remains to be normalised in hospital culture. It is therefore crucial to understand the attitudes of healthcare professionals to FCP in older patients in the hospital setting. Co-design with patients carers and healthcare professionals can generate more detailed meaningful data through better conversations.AimsTo co-design a semi-structured interview (SSI) topic guide to explore healthcare professionals’ attitudes to FCP with older adults in hospital.MethodsA multi-professional research group including a panel of patient and carer representatives co-designed an in-depth topic guide for a SSI exploring healthcare professionals’ attitudes to FCP with older adults in hospital.ResultsThe co-designed topic guide encourages participants to explore personal and system-level factors that may influence attitudes to FCP and practice in hospital amongst healthcare staff. Co-designed topics for inclusion in the SSI schedule include:Potential differences between specialist and generalist approaches to FCPThe influence of perceived hierarchy and emergency–decision making ability in professionals on FCP discussionsThe relevance to transitions of careAttitudes to FCP beyond the biomedical paradigm including perceived well–being and psychosocial aspects of careDigital FCP tools including patient–led FCP.ConclusionCo-designing qualitative research with older people and multi-disciplinary professionals may narrow translational gaps in implementing FCP by setting joint research priorities. Data generated from a co-designed study may expand understanding of hospital-based anticipatory decision-making with older adults.Reference. Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W. The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ23 March 2010;340:c1345.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e12-e12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra C Malyon ◽  
Julia R Forman ◽  
Jonathan P Fuld ◽  
Zoë Fritz

ObjectiveTo determine whether discussion and documentation of decisions about future care was improved following the introduction of a new approach to recording treatment decisions: the Universal Form of Treatment Options (UFTO).MethodsRetrospective review of the medical records of patients who died within 90 days of admission to oncology or respiratory medicine wards over two 3-month periods, preimplementation and postimplementation of the UFTO. A sample size of 70 per group was required to provide 80% power to observe a change from 15% to 35% in discussion or documentation of advance care planning (ACP), using a two-sided test at the 5% significance level.ResultsOn the oncology ward, introduction of the UFTO was associated with a statistically significant increase in cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions documented for patients (pre-UFTO 52% to post-UFTO 77%, p=0.01) and an increase in discussions regarding ACP (pre-UFTO 27%, post-UFTO 49%, p=0.03). There were no demonstrable changes in practice on the respiratory ward. Only one patient came into hospital with a formal ACP document.ConclusionsDespite patients’ proximity to the end-of-life, there was limited documentation of ACP and almost no evidence of formalised ACP. The introduction of the UFTO was associated with a change in practice on the oncology ward but this was not observed for respiratory patients. A new approach to recording treatment decisions may contribute to improving discussion and documentation about future care but further work is needed to ensure that all patients’ preferences for treatment and care at the end-of-life are known.


2021 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2021-003193
Author(s):  
Sophie Gloeckler ◽  
Tanja Krones ◽  
Nikola Biller-Andorno

Various indicators have been used to evaluate advance care planning, including completion rates, type of care received, and satisfaction. Recent consensus suggests, though, that receiving care consistent with one’s goals is the primary outcome of advance care planning and assessment should capture this metric. Goal concordant care is challenging to measure, and there is little clarity about how best to do so. The aim of this scoping review is to explore what methods have been used to measure goal concordant care in the evaluation of advance care planning. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane were searched in September 2020 to identify studies that aimed to track whether advance care planning affected the likelihood of patients receiving care that matched their preferred care. 135 original studies were included for review. Studies used retrospective chart review (36%, n=49), questionnaire (36%, n=48) and interview (31%, n=42), focusing on both patients and proxies. Studies considered both actual care received (55%, n=74) and hypothetical scenarios anticipating possible future care (49%, n=66); some studies did both. While the reviewed studies demonstrate the possibility of working towards a solid methodology, there were significant weaknesses. Notably, studies often lacked enough reporting clarity to be reproducible and, relatedly, key concepts, such as end-of-life or preferred care, were left undefined. The recommendations that follow from these findings inform future research approaches, supporting the development of a strong evidence base to guide advance care planning implementation in practice.


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