Friends and Foes (1099–1129)

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-87
Author(s):  
Nicholas Morton
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crusader States ◽  
City States ◽  
The Many ◽  
Complete Collapse

Chapter 2 Friends and Foes discusses the Crusader States’ closest neighbours in the early years of the twelfth century. On their southern borders the Franks confronted the Egyptian Fatimid Empire and it will be shown here how the the Franks managed to overcome the many attacks launched against them by Fatimid commanders. On their eastern borders, the Franks faced the Turkish city-states of Damascus and Aleppo. This chapter shows how the Turks were never able to unite against the Franks due both to their continued infighting and to the many other threats to their rule. This was an era where the complete collapse of Turkish authority across Syria was a very real possibility, driven by Frankish attacks as well as by many local rebellions. In this environment, mere survival was often the goal steering these Turkish leaders’ policies and it was frequently in their interests to manage the threat posed by the Crusader States by diplomatic means rather than seeking to drive them out of the Near East altogether. Further North, in the wake of the First Crusade, the Armenian lords of Cilicia and Southern Anatolia seized the opportunity to drive back Turkish authority, but they then had to negotiate new relationships for themselves with the Crusader States. These included moments of both conflict and rivalry as well as and friendship and accord. The early history of their interactions is examined in detail.

Hugh Neill (1806–64) and the early years of the Liverpool Ophthalmic Infirmary

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Silvester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This account of the early history of ophthalmology in Liverpool refers particularly to Hugh Neill, one of the many Edinburgh-educated surgeons working in Liverpool during the early 19th century.

ENTOMOLOGY. No. II

1871 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
William Couper
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Nest Structure ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

In a former paper, I have briefly referred to the Peculiarity of nest structure made by the larvæof our large Lepidopterous Nocturnal insects, in order to show that an attempt should be made to separate species on the similarity of form and texture of these structures. No doubt, when Entomology becomes thoroughly studied throughout the Dominion, much of the confusion in our prsent generic classification will be removed by means of investigations into the early history of larvæ and imagines of the many genera.

Labor Violence and Regime Brutality in Tsarist Russia: The Iuzovka Cholera Riots of 1892

Slavic Review ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore H. Friedgut
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Early History ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
History Of ◽  
Labor Violence ◽  
The Many

Recent monographs on Russian social development have raised a number of hypotheses regarding our general understanding of processes of political and social change. In his volume on the early history of Russian workers Reginald Zelnik, for instance, proposes that moderate labor unrest reinforced traditional repressive patterns, while extreme conflicts motivated innovative reform. In the work of Robert E. Johnson and of Victoria Bonnell we find the suggestion that workers in small-scale enterprises and artisan shops were often more radical and organized than those in larger industrial enterprises. The fragmented and antagonistic nature of Russian society, with multiple splits of both an intergroup and intragroup nature, has been noted in the work of both Roberta Manning and Allan Wildman. Diane Koenker, focusing her research on the period of the 1917 revolutions, has brought out the moderating and integrating effect of the urban setting on Russian workers. These are only a few of the many thought-provoking hypotheses that have been raised.

scholarly journals The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schwemer
Keyword(s):  
Present Author ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Equal Space ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn many regions of the ancient Near East, not least in Upper Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia where agriculture relied mainly on rainfall, storm-gods ranked among the most prominent gods in the local panthea or were even regarded as divine kings, ruling over the gods and bestowing kingship on the human ruler. While the Babylonian and Assyrian storm-god never held the highest position among the gods, he too belongs to the group of 'great gods' through most periods of Mesopotamian history. Given the many cultural contacts and the longevity of traditions in the ancient Near East only a study that takes into account all relevant periods, regions and text-groups can further our understanding of the different ancient Near Eastern storm-gods. The study Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens by the present author (2001) tried to tackle the problems involved, basing itself primarily on the textual record and excluding the genuinely Anatolian storm-gods from the study. Given the lack of handbooks, concordances and thesauri in our field, the book is necessarily heavily burdened with materials collected for the first time. Despite comprehensive indices, the long lists and footnotes as well as the lack of an overall synthesis make the study not easily accessible, especially outside the German-speaking community. In 2003 Alberto Green published a comprehensive monograph entitled The Storm-God in the Ancient Near East whose aims are more ambitious than those of Wettergottgestalten: All regions of the ancient Near East—including a chapter on Yahwe as a storm-god—are taken into account, and both textual and iconographic sources are given equal space. Unfortunately this book, which was apparently finished and submitted to the publisher before Wettergottgestalten came to its author's attention, suffers from some serious flaws with regard to methodology, philology and the interpretation of texts and images. In presenting the following succinct overview I take the opportunity to make up for the missing synthesis in Wettergottgestalten and to provide some additions and corrections where necessary. It is hoped that this synthesis can also serve as a response to the history of ancient Near Eastern storm-gods as outlined by A. Green.

The Antiquity of the Royal Aircraft Establishment

1966 ◽  
Vol 70 (661) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
P. B. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Royal Patronage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Bodies

Apart from Royal patronage and the manifest concern with aviation, it must seem to many people that there is little in common between the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Yet research into the lesser known activities of the early RAE has revealed not only a comparable antiquity but also a remarkable similarity in the early history of the two bodies. Both had to fight hard to stay alive, and often continuing existence depended upon a tenuous thread liable to snap at any moment.In its early years the Society was essentially a group of dilettante with all the advantages as well as the disadvantages that this entails.

The religious and philosophical signicance of the ‘Hsiang erh’ Lao tzu in the light of the Ma-wang-tui silk manuscripts

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Boltz
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Early History ◽  
Lao Tzu ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Among the many texts and manuscripts that Sir Aurel Stein brought to London from the Grottoes of the Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang early in this century was a text of the first half of the Lao tzu (chapters 1–37 of the standard, received version of the text) with a commentary known as the Hsiang erh chu (Stein MS 6825 in the British Museum). This document has attracted considerable scholarly interest because of its ostensible connexion with the origins and early history of Celestial Master (t'ien shih ) Taoism in the Later Han dynasty. Lu Te-ming (c. 550–c. 630) listed the Hsiang erh chu as a commentary to the Lao tzu in his Ching tien shih wen, and said that accordingto one tradition it was written by Chang Lu (d. 216). This is the earliest known suggestion that the Hsiang erh chu is a text of the Celestial Master school.

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