‘Appearing Equal’ at Phaedo 74 B 4 – C 6: an Epistemic Interpretation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Tuozzo
Keyword(s):  
Leibniz’S Law ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Epistemic Interpretation

The argument at Phaedo 74 B 4‐C 6 that the equal itself is ‘something different from’ sets of physical equals depends on Leibniz's Law: there is a property that perceptible equals have that the equal itself does not have. What I call the ‘epistemic interpretation’ holds that the property is an epistemic one: having appeared unequal. The ‘ontological interpretation’ holds that the property is not epistemic, but simply the property of being unequal (that is: physical equals suffer the compresence of opposites, while the equal itself does not). The most natural reading of the text favours the epistemic interpretation; scholarly support for the ontological interpretation is based on the widely held view that on the epistemic interpretation the argument is manifestly invalid. But this view implicitly relies on an impoverished sense of ‘appearing’ as equivalent to ‘being thought’. Drawing on an analogy with colour perception, I elaborate an experiential sense of ‘appearing’ which makes Plato's argument on the epistemic interpretation philosophically defensible.

scholarly journals Impact of Incorporating NIR Reflective Pigments in Finishing Coatings of ETICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Nuno M. M. Ramos ◽  
Joana Maia ◽  
Andrea R. Souza ◽  
Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida ◽  
Luís Silva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Colour Difference ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
Solar Reflectance ◽  
Building Cooling ◽  
The Impact

Near-infrared (NIR) reflective materials are being developed for mitigating building cooling needs. Their use contributes to broadening the range of colours, responding to the urban aesthetic demand without compromising the building performance. Despite the increase in NIR reflective pigments investigation, there is still a knowledge gap in their applicability, impact, and durability in multilayer finishing coatings of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS). Hence, the main goal of this work consists of evaluating the impact of incorporating NIR reflective pigments (NRP) in the solar reflectance of the surface layer of ETICS, without affecting the colour perception, as well as their influence on the colour durability and surface temperature. As such, colour, solar reflectance, and surface temperature were monitored for 2 years in dark-coloured specimens of ETICS, with and without NRP and a primer layer. It was confirmed that the main contribution of NRP is the increase of solar reflectance and, consequently, the decrease in surface temperature, especially for high exterior temperatures (around 30 ºC). Moreover, these pigments highly increase the NIR reflectance without affecting the visible colour. In addition, they contribute to maintaining the colour characteristics. The application of primer increased the surface temperature, especially for higher exterior temperatures. However, it contributes to a lower colour difference and solar reflectance variation, which is an important achievement for durability purposes.

On the 'Evidential' Nature of the 'Epistemic' Use of the German Modals müssen and sollen

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Interpretation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The difference with respect to the kind of evidence evoked by the so-called 'epistemic' uses of the German modals müssen and sollen is argued to affect the epistemic contribution of both verbs in a crucial way. With quotative sollen, a genuine subjective-epistemic moment (which should not automatically be associated with an expression of scepticism, i.e. a low commitment on the part of the speaker) remains marginal at best, whereas inferential müssen easily invites speaker-oriented interpretations to the extent that the speaker can be taken to be rather strongly committed to the factuality of the proposition. The latter 'epistemic' interpretation, however, can but need not occur.

Leibniz's Law and the Antinomy of the Liar

1969 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito F. Sinisi
Keyword(s):  
Leibniz’S Law ◽  
The Liar

Understanding colour perception and preference

Colour Design ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 169-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hurlbert ◽  
Y. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Colour Perception

scholarly journals No psychological effect of color context in a low level vision task

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Adam Pedley ◽  
Alex R Wade
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Contrast ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Contrast Detection ◽  
Global Form

Background: A remarkable series of recent papers have shown that colour can influence performance in cognitive tasks. In particular, they suggest that viewing a participant number printed in red ink or other red ancillary stimulus elements improves performance in tasks requiring local processing and impedes performance in tasks requiring global processing whilst the reverse is true for the colour blue. The tasks in these experiments require high level cognitive processing such as analogy solving or remote association tests and the chromatic effect on local vs. global processing is presumed to involve widespread activation of the autonomic nervous system. If this is the case, we might expect to see similar effects on all local vs. global task comparisons. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether chromatic cues also influence performance in tasks involving low level visual feature integration.Methods: Subjects performed either local (contrast detection) or global (form detection) tasks on achromatic dynamic Glass pattern stimuli. Coloured instructions, target frames and fixation points were used to attempt to bias performance to different task types. Based on previous literature, we hypothesised that red cues would improve performance in the (local) contrast detection task but would impede performance in the (global) form detection task. Results: A two-way, repeated measures, analysis of covariance (2×2 ANCOVA) with gender as a covariate, revealed no influence of colour on either task, F(1,29) = 0.289, p = 0.595, partial η2 = 0.002. Additional analysis revealed no significant differences in only the first attempts of the tasks or in the improvement in performance between trials.Discussion: We conclude that motivational processes elicited by colour perception do not influence neuronal signal processing in the early visual system, in stark contrast to their putative effects on processing in higher areas.

scholarly journals COLOUR: REVEALS YOUR PERSONALITY

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-65
Author(s):  
Bijender Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Visual Apparatus

Colours are forces radiant energies that affect us positively or negatively, whether we are aware of it or not in our daily life. The effects of colours should be experienced and understood not only but also psychologically and symbolically. This paper investigates the various effects of light and colours on our visual apparatus –eye and brain and their anatomical relationships and functions. This paper describes the influence of colour radiation on our mind and spirit. Discovery of relationships, mediated by the eye and brain is major concern of my studies. Paper describes colour perception and colour aesthetic in three directions: 1) Impression (visually) 2) Expression (emotionally) 3) Construction (symbolically).

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