The Suppositional Rule

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Ramsey Test ◽  
New Information

The chapter describes the role of suppositions in conditional thinking, from everyday decision-making to mathematical proof, and the cognitive role of imagination in developing the consequences of suppositions. It proposes that the primary way of assessing a conditional ‘If A, C’ is to suppose A and on that basis assess C; whatever attitude you take to C conditionally on A (such as acceptance, rejection, or something in between) take unconditionally to ‘If A, C’; this corresponds to the Ramsey Test or Suppositional Rule. Such offline assessment’s similarities to, and differences from, online updating on new information are discussed. Other ways of assessing ‘If A, C’ are also considered, including experimental testing by making A true, and reliance on memory or testimony without new first-hand testing.

R—Relating

2019 ◽  
pp. 214-245
Author(s):  
Elaine Wittenberg ◽  
Joy V. Goldsmith ◽  
Sandra L. Ragan ◽  
Terri Ann Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
New Information ◽  
Family Perspectives ◽  
Family Acceptance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
The Relationship

Relating is a chapter that unpacks the complex architecture of goals always at play for each of us. Because the true motives and goals of a patient are rarely fully understood or realized, the recommendation in this chapter is to attend to the relationship to facilitate the instrumental goals of palliative nursing. Throughout this chapter, authors examine the phenomenon of the patient/family acceptance of an illness status, as well as understanding patient/family perspectives on adjusting to new information. The authors examine the role of uncertainty and how it can impact goals of care discussions and, ultimately, decision-making. Relating to a patient/family creates the opportunity to learn about acceptability of a diagnosis/prognosis, fears associated with uncertainty, and the inevitable dissonance among personal goals in the face of serious illness. Multiple, conflicted, and unrealized goals are a reality that clinicians must navigate and that patients and families must face as they work together to acknowledge a changing life and identity.

Looking professional: How women decide what to wear with and through automated technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 135485652110385
Author(s):  
Heather A Horst ◽  
Cherry Baylosis ◽  
Sheba Mohammid
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Dimensions

From innovations such as virtual fit through 3D body scanning, smart clothes, wearable technology and virtual styling assistants to more mundane capabilities such as digital photography and social media, deciding what to wear and how to wear an item is now accompanied by a range of new information and perspectives. This article examines the sociotechnical systems that support everyday decisions about what to wear, and how this decision-making process is being re-imagined in response to technology. Drawing upon closet ethnographies with women in the USA and Australia, we focus upon the ways in which women make decisions about what will help them to ‘look professional’. Specifically, we attend to two key dimensions of the decision-making process – visions and validations – to understand the ways in which women weigh the opinion of other people, media and technologies, and the real and imagined role of how new technologies such as the Amazon Echo Look may be integrated into this process. Through fine-grained analysis of the ways that women receive, reject or ignore information about their performance of looking professional, we reflect upon the relative importance of different technologies in the process of decision-making.

Why Learning?

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-126
Author(s):  
Daeyeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Animal Learning ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Once the genes delegate the responsibility of decision-making to the brain, the most important function of the brain is to develop successful decision-making strategies by incorporating new information about the animal’s environment. The complexity of this process increased during evolution, and in mammals, including humans, the brain utilizes multiple learning strategies to produce the most appropriate motor responses. After illustrating this using response and place learning, this chapter reviews the history of research on animal learning, including a potential conflict between different learning strategies. In particular, the author addresses the important role of classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning in learning.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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