Introduction to the Study of Animals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Peter A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Estimation Of Error ◽  
Bootstrap Techniques ◽  
Repeated Observation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Periods

Because the objective of a study will largely determine the methods used, it is essential to define the objectives at the outset. Very broadly, studies may be defined as either extensive and intensive. Extensive studies are carried out over larger areas or longer time periods than intensive studies, and are frequently used to provide information on distribution and abundance for conservation or management programmes. Intensive studies involve the repeated observation of the population of an animal. The different types of population estimates—absolute, relative, and intensity—are described. The estimation of error and confidence intervals, including jackknife and bootstrap techniques, is described.

scholarly journals Knowledge Mobilization in the Beaver Hills Biosphere, Alberta, Canada

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Clara-Jane Blye ◽  
Elizabeth A. Halpenny ◽  
Glen T. Hvenegaard ◽  
Dee Patriquin
Keyword(s):  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Knowledge Mobilization ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Loss Of Autonomy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This study explores how knowledge was and is mobilized to advance the objectives of the Beaver Hills Biosphere Reserve, located in Alberta, Canada. Established in 2016, a 12-year collaborative effort worked to establish the biosphere reserve and achieve formal UNESCO designation. Subsequent efforts to grow the newly established biosphere reserve have accelerated in recent years. Our study documented how different types of knowledge were accessed, created, curated, and shared between partners during these two time periods. Focus group interviews were conducted with 14 participants, who are affiliated with Beaver Hills Biosphere Reserve partner organizations, and revealed the following findings: (1) not all knowledge is equally valued or understood; (2) partnerships are highly valued, and were essential to successful knowledge mobilization, but were stronger among individuals rather than organizations; (3) fear of the loss of autonomy and potential complications due to the establishment of a biosphere reserve slowed the exchange of information and engagement by some regional actors; and (4) knowledge mobilization is and was impeded by staff and agency capacity, finances, and time scarcity. This was further complicated by entrenched norms of practice, existing successful working relationships impeding the development of new partnerships, and embracing alternative forms of knowledge.

Conceptual study of Basti Karma

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush Pachnekar
Keyword(s):  
Special Treatment ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conceptual Study

Ayurveda has described main two types of Chikitsa i.e. treatment or Management of any disease i. e. Shaman and Shodhan Chikitsa. Panchakarama is the Shodhan chikitsa of Ayurveda and in Panchakarma All Basti treatment is most important treatment of Shodhan as well as shaman chikitsa which is special treatment of vitiated Vaat dosh. In Sushruta Samhita, four chapters have been devoted completely for the description of the Basti in Chikitsasthana. In these chapters, detailed information regarding Bastinetra, indication, contra-indications, complications, classification of Basti etc. are available. Ashtanga Sangraha: 19th chapter of Sutrasthana has been devoted to karma only. Also four chapters of Kalpasthana have been contributed to Basti. In these chapters, description regarding importance of Basti, different types of Basti, Sneha Basti Vyapada etc. are described. In this chapter classification, indication, contraindication, dosage, process of administration etc. has been described detail. Ashtang Hridaya: In this Samhita, 19th chapter of Sutrasthana Basti Vidhi and 4th and 5th chapter of Kalpasthana named as Basti Kalpa and Basti vyapada Siddhi explain every aspect of Basti.Kashyap Samhita: In Kashyapa Samhita, Basti has been explained in detail in Siddhisthana and Khilasthana.  In this conceptual study found that Basti treatment plays major role in shodhan as well as shaman chikitsa therapy as per Ayurveda.  

Human mobility models reveal the underlying mechanism of seasonal movements across China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Song ◽  
Xiao-Yong Yan ◽  
Suoyi Tan ◽  
Bin Sai ◽  
Shengjie Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Time Periods

Understanding the spatial interactions of human mobility is crucial for urban planning, traffic engineering, as well as for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Although many models have been developed to model human mobility, it is not clear whether such models could also capture the traveling mechanisms across different time periods (e.g. workdays, weekends or holidays). With one-year long nationwide location-based service (LBS) data in China, we investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of population movements during different time periods, and make thorough comparisons for the applicability of five state-of-the-art human mobility models. We find that population flows show significant periodicity and strong inequality across temporal and spatial distribution. A strong “backflow” effect is found for cross-city movements before and after holidays. Parameter fitting of gravity models reveals that travels in different type of days consider the attractiveness of destinations and cost of distance differently. Surprisingly, the comparison indicates that the parameter-free opportunity priority selection (OPS) model outperforms other models and is the best to characterize human mobility in China across all six different types of days. However, there is still an urgent need for development of more dedicated models for human mobility on weekends and different types of holidays.

Who Wins and Who Loses in the Provincial Courts of Appeal? A Statistical Analysis, 1920–1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McCormick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Data Base ◽  
The United States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Party Capability ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Appeal Courts ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractGiven the visibility and obvious importance of judicial power in the age of the Charter, it is important to develop the conceptual vocabulary for desribing and assessing this power. One such concept that has been applied to the study of appeal courts in the United States and Great Britain is “party capability”, a theory which suggests that different types of litigant will enjoy different levels of success as both appellant and respondent. Using a data base derived from the reported decisions of the provincial courts of appeal for the second and seventh year of each decade since the 1920s, this article applies party capability theory to the performance of the highest courts of the ten provinces; comparisons are attempted across regions and across time periods, as well as with the findings of similar studies of American and British courts.

Stock price movement around the merger announcements: insider trading or market anticipation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 821-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Jain ◽  
Mark A. Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Insider Trading ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Price Movement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Merger Announcement ◽  
Merger Announcements

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the stock price movements for existence of informed trading prior to a merger announcement for the companies listed on the emerging markets of India for the period from 1996 to 2010. Design/methodology/approach – This study applies several event study methodologies and regression analyses to analyze the stock price movement surrounding a merger announcement. The paper divides mergers in two different types: industry merger cases and non-industry merger cases and in two different time periods: recession and boom. Findings – The results show that the information held only by insiders’ works its way into prices. The paper finds strong evidence of insider trading in the case of industry mergers and mergers during recessions. Practical implications – The results from this study have immediate policy implications for India and other developing markets as the paper provides the type of mergers and time periods when merger announcements are more susceptible to insider trading. Originality/value – The paper extends the literature on mergers and insider trading by analyzing firms trading on a developing capital market, which, unlike the developed markets, is characterized by inadequate disclosure and a weaker enforcement of securities regulations. The results support this notion and recommend Indian securities market regulators to tighten the lax regulations. In addition, the author document the divergence in price reaction to the merger announcements for different types of mergers: industry mergers and non-industry mergers, as well as for mergers during different market conditions: recession vs booming capital markets.

scholarly journals Marked Cards in the Pack: Using Playing Cards to Teach the Importance of Sample Size & Testing Assumptions in Capture–Recapture Estimations of Population Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Michael Calver ◽  
Timothy Blake
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Approach To Teaching

Estimating population size is essential for many applications in population ecology, so capture–recapture techniques to do this are often taught in secondary school classrooms and introductory university units. However, few classroom simulations of capture–recapture consider the sensitivity of results to sampling intensity, the important concept that the population size calculated is an estimate with error attached, or the consequences of violating assumptions underpinning particular capture–recapture models. We describe a simple approach to teaching the Lincoln index method of capture–recapture using packs of playing cards. Students can trial different sampling intensities, calculate 95% confidence intervals for population estimates, and explore the consequences of violating specific assumptions.

On the Relation Among Shortest Confidence Intervals of Different Types

1961 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanta Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shortest Confidence Intervals

scholarly journals SLACK AND NET TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT: A BOOTSTRAP APPROACH

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 395-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RICHMOND
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Empirical Application ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Bootstrap Techniques ◽  
Bootstrap Approach ◽  
Efficiency Estimation ◽  
Downward Bias ◽  
Cautious Interpretation

Statistical properties of DEA methods for efficiency estimation are poorly understood and currently the best way forward must be to use bootstrap techniques. The article seeks to extend bootstrap methods to allow investigation of the properties of estimates of inefficiencies due to the slack in the use of resources as well as technical efficiency. In an empirical application, it is found that inefficiency due to slack is a small component of the overall inefficiency and that the DEA technical efficiency estimates have a small downward bias, with confidence intervals that are wide enough to suggest cautious interpretation.

scholarly journals Efficient Bootstrap Estimates for Tail Statistics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øyvind Breivik ◽  
Ole Johan Aarnes
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Bootstrap Techniques ◽  
Entire Sequence ◽  
Bootstrap Estimates ◽  
Return Value

Abstract. Bootstrap resamples can be used to investigate the tail of empirical distributions as well as return value estimates based on the extremal behaviour of the distribution. Specifically, the confidence intervals on return value estimates or bounds on in-sample tail statistics can be estimated using bootstrap techniques. However, bootstrapping from the entire data set is expensive. It is shown here that it suffices to bootstrap from a small subset consisting of the highest entries in the sequence to make estimates that are essentially identical to bootstraps from the entire sequence. Similarly, bootstrap estimates of confidence intervals of threshold return estimates are found to be well approximated by using a subset consisting of the highest entries. This has practical consequences in fields such as meteorology, oceanography and hydrology where return estimates are routinely made from very large gridded model integrations spanning decades at high temporal resolution. In such cases the computational savings are substantial.

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