Identity and Diversity on the International Bench

Author(s):  
Freya Baetens

This chapter explores the implications of adjudicators’ identity and diversity for the normative and sociological legitimacy of international courts and tribunals. It considers a range of elements that constitute a person’s identity, including gender, national origin, legal culture, religion, and ethnicity. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the volume’s contribution to the existing literature on matters of identity and diversity, focusing among other on appointment processes, judicial decision-making and adjudicators’ legacies. The chapter outlines the various justifications used to advocate greater diversity, highlights the relevance of institutional frameworks, and engages with the question whether the pursuit of diversity risks affecting quality. It analyses existing and emerging regulation as well as practices relating to diversity, in search of the reasons for its lack on international benches. Finally, it outlines the tripartite structure underlying the volume (the importance of an adjudicator’s identity before, during, and after their time on the bench), explains how the individual chapters fit into this framework and sets out how future scholarship may build on the present research findings.

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Claire Hamilton

Abstract The changes to the Irish exclusionary rule introduced by the judgment in People (DPP) v JC mark an important watershed in the Irish law of evidence and Irish legal culture more generally. The case relaxed the exclusionary rule established in People (DPP) v Kenny, one of the strictest in the common law world, by creating an exception based on ‘inadvertence’. This paper examines the decision through the lens of legal culture, drawing in particular on Lawrence Friedman's distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ legal culture to help understand the factors contributing to the decision. The paper argues that Friedman's concept and, in particular, the dialectic between internal and external legal culture, holds much utility at a micro as well as macro level, in interrogating the cultural logics at work in judicial decision-making.


2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Bevan Marten

This article is a book review of E W Thomas The Judicial Process (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) (414 + xxvi pages) Hardback NZ$180. In his belief that too many judges are simply 'muddling along' without a sound conception of what their role entails, Justice Thomas (a retired judge) has written a book putting forward a theory of judicial decision-making. The book represents the development of Thomas' thinking since an earlier monograph on the subject, but the two pillars on which he bases his theory remain unchanged: that the demands of justice in the individual case, and the requirement that the law meets society's reasonable needs, be at the forefront of every judgment. Marten notes that the book is deliberately pitched at a level that many people can read and enjoy. On the whole, Marten states that the book is a well-written and engaging book by one of New Zealand's most distinctive judges.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-149
Author(s):  
Allan F. Tatham

Abstract The independence of judges sitting on international courts is constrained in part by their accountability to the states that appoint them. The interaction between these two principles is particularly stark where judges are able to have their terms of office on the bench renewed, subject to the agreement of states to re-nominate and reappoint them. The present article seeks to examine this interaction, initially in the context more generally of international judicial decision-making bodies, while also considering options designed to reduce the likelihood of the reoccurrence of problems with respect to reappointments. It then provides a more detailed case study of the Norwegian reappointment saga at the EFTA Court and suggests possible ways forward designed to enhance judicial independence in this procedure.


Author(s):  
Carrie Menkel-Meadow

This article reviews the claims about rates of litigation in the United States, as either “too much” or “too little” (e.g. “The Vanishing Trial”). While we need to understand aggregate litigation rates to assess access to justice, it may be more important to understand litigation rates in the context of differentiated case types. Litigation, in some cases, produces too “brittle” (binary) or costly outcomes, which is what led to the American “A” (alternative/appropriate) Dispute Resolution movement. This movement (now moving across the globe) may provide “process pluralism” with greater flexibility in outcome and cost variations, (now often called “a”ccesible dispute resolution”). However, litigation is still important in a variety of justice-seeking contexts (e.g. for new rights creation, old rights enforcement, and precedent elaboration). This article suggests that the question of how much litigation is appropriate in any legal culture is dependent on a variety of factors that goes beyond simple aggregate counting. The article concludes with a critique of recent American legal practices in restricting litigation through mandatory arbitration, non-disclosure agreements, class action limitations, privatized mass claim settlements, and restrictive jurisdictional interpretations in judicial decision making and legislation. Este artículo repasa las afirmaciones de que hay “demasiados” o “demasiado pocos” litigios en los EE. UU. Si bien es necesario entender las proporciones de litigios agregados para evaluar el acceso a la justicia, tal vez sea más importante entender las proporciones de litigios en el contexto de tipos de casos diferenciados. En algunas ocasiones, los litigios producen resultados demasiado “frágiles” (binarios) o costosos, lo cual originó el movimiento llamado “American ‘A’ (alternativo/adecuado) Dispute Resolution”. Este movimiento, ahora en expansión por todo el mundo, puede proporcionar “pluralismo procesal” de forma más flexible con diferentes resultados y costes (lo que ahora se denomina “resolución de conflictos ‘a’ccesible”). Sin embargo, el acto de litigar sigue siendo importante en varios contextos de búsqueda de justicia (por ej., para crear nuevos derechos, para aplicación de viejos derechos, y para la elaboración precedente). Este artículo da a entender que la proporción de litigios apropiada en cualquier cultura jurídica depende de varios factores más allá de un recuento. Se concluye con una crítica de prácticas jurídicas recientes en América, consistentes en la restricción del litigio por arbitraje obligatorio, acuerdos de confidencialidad, limitaciones en demandas colectivas, liquidación de reclamaciones colectivas e interpretaciones jurisdiccionales restrictivas en la toma de decisiones judiciales y en la legislación.


Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski ◽  
Chris Guthrie ◽  
Andrew J. Wistrich

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