Generative Semantics 2: The Heresy

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-144
Author(s):  
Randy Allen Harris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
George Lakoff

This chapter examines how Generative Semantics, which had emerged from Transformational Grammar as part natural extension of, and part challenge to, Noam Chomsky’s work, became a full-blown heretical divergence with Chomsky’s 1967 “Remarks on Nominalization” lectures, in which he took his theory in countervailing directions. Generative Semanticists had extended syntactic derivations deeper, diminished the lexicon, and enriched the scope of transformations. The lectures emphasized Surface Structure semantics, enriched the lexicon, and diminished the role of transformations. They were also dismissive of specific Generative Semantic innovations, especially those of George Lakoff. Lakoff attended the lectures. Sparks flew. Chomsky and his new proposals fared poorly across the linguistic landscape, where Generative Semantics rapidly took hold, but his own students, Ray Jackendoff at the fore, were inspired by the new direction (known variously as “Lexicalism,” “Extended Standard Theory,” and, contrapuntally to the heresy, “Interpretive Semantics”).

Separating phonology from syntax: a reanalysis of Pashto cliticization

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Kaisse
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Phonological Rules

I. A pervasive, though not always explicit assumption of transformational grammar has been that syntactic and phonological rules form separate, discrete units in the organization of grammar; that phonological rules are not ordered among syntactic transformations, but rather apply in a block at the end of the syntactic derivation.1 Chomsky and Halle (1968) go even further in this separation, arguing that the surface structure is not the immediate input to the phonological component, but first undergoes certain ‘readjustment rules’, such as insertion of word boundaries. I have argued elsewhere (Kaisse, 1977) that this added step is unnecessary, and that there are in fact certain inter-word phonological processes that require the full information present in the labeled bracketing of the surface structure. However, my proposal is not a radical departure from the standard theory, in that it remains an INTERFACE model, in line with that proposed in Pullum and Zwicky (to appear). The claim remains that all syntactic rules apply before all phonological rules. In the case of word-internal phonological rules this is perhaps not crucial, but for rules of external sandhi, it is very important, both empirically and theoretically. For if we give up the requirement that no phonological rule apply during a syntactic derivation, we greatly increase the power of our theory of grammar and give up the ability to predict on a universal basis, the order of application of two rules, one phonological and the other syntactic.

Semantic structure

1983 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Rival Theory ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Language Semantics ◽  
Semantic Models ◽  
Syntactic Derivation

In generative–transformational theories of language, semantics has always played handmaiden to syntax. For example, the extended standard theory (EST) has as its core a component of base phrase structure rules and a lexicon which supplies lexical items for the deep syntactic trees generated by the base rules; ‘semantic representations’ are created from these lexicalized P-markers at various stages of their syntactic derivation from deep to surface structure (Jackendoif, 1972: 4 ff.). Similarly, the semantic representations of a rival theory, generative semantics (GS), are taken from deep pre-lexical syntactic P-markers generated by base PS rules (McCawley, 1971). Both of these models reflect the historical roots of generative–transformational grammar, for at its inception, this theory provided only a model of syntax with no description of semantic structure (Chomsky, 1957). So it is natural, though not necessary, that linguists working in this tradition would construct their semantic models as outgrowths of the original syntactic core.

Social Networking Sites Continuance: An Application of Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Moderating Role

Social networking sites (SNSs) have become popular in India with the proliferation of Internet. SNSs have gained the interests of academicians and researchers. The current study is an endeavor to understand the continuance of social networking sites in India. The study applies an extended version of theory of planned behavior. Additional factors privacy concerns and habits were incorporated into the standard theory of planned behaviour. A survey was conducted in a Central University in India. Overall, data was collected from 150 respondents. PLS-SEM was used to test the proposed model. All the hypotheses except the moderating role of habits between intentions and continued use of social networking sites, were supported by the results. Habits were found to affect continued use of social networking sites indirectly through continued intentions.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the puckered surface in the biocompatibility of black phosphorus

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3790-3799
Author(s):  
Xinyao Ma ◽  
Xiaohong Zhu ◽  
Changxiong Huang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Jun Fan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Black Phosphorus

The puckered surface structure of black phosphorus endows it with distinctive biocompatibility.

scholarly journals Adhesion and Atomic Structures of Gold on Ceria Nanostructures: The Role of Surface Structure and Oxidation State of Ceria Supports

Nano Letters ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 5375-5381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyuan Lin ◽  
Zili Wu ◽  
Jianguo Wen ◽  
Kunlun Ding ◽  
Xiaoyun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Oxidation State ◽  
Atomic Structures

scholarly journals Communication: Hot-atom abstraction dynamics of hydrogen from tungsten surfaces: The role of surface structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 147 (12) ◽  
pp. 121103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oihana Galparsoro ◽  
Heriberto Fabio Busnengo ◽  
Joseba Iñaki Juaristi ◽  
Cédric Crespos ◽  
Maite Alducin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure

scholarly journals Why Only People and Apes are Ill with Common Cold? The Possible Role of Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin Variability

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
A. I. Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Circulatory Disturbance ◽  
Sickness Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Body Heat

<p class="1Body">Common cold (CC) is referred to the most widespread human illnesses and affects people all over the globe. Till now there is no standard theory explaining the development mechanism(s) of СС. The etiology of the CC is known - over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold; the rhinoviruses are the most common. As for pathogenesis, it is conventional, that cold plays the important role in development of СС. It is believed that cooling causes blood circulatory disturbance and permeability of vessels that consequently deteriorates the tissue nutrition and its resistance against infectious agents, and its resistibility in relation to infection. It is also known that the CC sickness rate is affected by the age (children get sick more often than adults) and gender (male individuals are more susceptible to CC than females, regardless of their age). Among the issues that have not received an answer is another question: why CC affects only upon humans and apes? It is hypothesized that the cause of these higher primates susceptibility to CC is the highest level of their body heat conductivity in the animal world. Just this circumstance contributes to the rapid and deep cooling of the bodies of people and apes when it is cold, with all the ensuing negative consequences for the organism.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document