Court Ethnographies

2021 ◽  
pp. 511-529
Author(s):  
Max Travers
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Diverse Field ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Level Of Analysis

This chapter provides an introduction to ethnographic research on criminal courts, focusing on the scientific and policy objectives in this diverse field. A central theme is that court ethnographers in observing hearings and interviewing practitioners have a choice in employing analytic strategies that focus on “micro” and “macro” level of analysis. Landmark studies conducted in the United States and United Kingdom are summarized, locating these in their political and intellectual context. Practical issues are reviewed including obtaining access, ethics approvals, and data analysis. The chapter also considers future trends and issues: internationalization of this field, practical contributions to understanding criminal justice, and policy implications for debates about social justice. Ethnographers can assist in evaluating emerging philosophies and court-based practices, and new types of specialist courts.

Conclusion

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Moral Hazards ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Trade And Investment

This book shows that Chinese leaders are able to effectively orchestrate their economic statecraft. China’s distinctive approach originates with domestic ideas and institutions. Across four cases, China’s orchestration combined delegation with incentives, attracted participation by regional authorities and enterprises, and facilitated interest alignment among implementing actors. Beijing thus successfully mobilized domestic actors to expand trade and investment. When problems with enterprise malfeasance, policy stretching, and moral hazards emerged, central leaders proved capable of reversing course. After reiterating these core findings, this chapter explains how Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining key policy objectives. For countries targeted by China’s economic statecraft, the policy implications are broadly reassuring. It concludes by comparing China’s approach with the United States, Germany, and Japan, and suggesting several paths forward for future studies in comparative economic statecraft.

The Demography of Minority Aging Populations

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Lowe Angel ◽  
Dennis P. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
The Life Course

ABSTRACT: Studies of aging and the life course have often documented great diversity in family structure and living arrangements among the elderly. This article examines historical and demographic trends in the ethnic and racial composition of older cohorts in the United States and their impact on family structure; identifies the demographic causes of these changes and projects future trends in the relative size and proportion of different racial and ethnic populations; and discusses the important policy implications of such compositional shifts for social policy and for the welfare of the minority elderly in the next century.

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

Ethnohistory's Ethnohistory

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Michael E. Harkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Foundational Work

This article examines the first decades of the field of ethnohistory as it developed in the United States. It participated in the general rapprochement between history and anthropology of mid-twentieth-century social science. However, unlike parallel developments in Europe and in other research areas, ethnohistory specifically arose out of the study of American Indian communities in the era of the Indian Claims Commission. Thus ethnohistory developed from a pragmatic rather than a theoretical orientation, with practitioners testifying both in favor of and against claims. Methodology was flexible, with both documentary sources and ethnographic methods employed to the degree that each was feasible. One way that ethnohistory was innovative was the degree to which women played prominent roles in its development. By the end of the first decade, the field was becoming broader and more willing to engage both theoretical and ethical issues raised by the foundational work. In particular, the geographic scope began to reach well beyond North America, especially to Latin America, where archival resources and the opportunities for ethnographic research were plentiful, but also to areas such as Melanesia, where recent European contact allowed researchers to observe the early postcontact period directly and to address the associated theoretical questions with greater authority. Ethnohistory is thus an important example of a field of study that grew organically without an overarching figure or conscious plan but that nevertheless came to engage central issues in cultural and historical analysis.

scholarly journals Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends

Harmful Algae ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 101975
Author(s):  
Donald M. Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Fensin ◽  
Christopher J. Gobler ◽  
Alicia E. Hoeglund ◽  
Katherine A. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
United States History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
States History

Creating Intersectional Subjects: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Health Science Breastfeeding Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 233264922098109
Author(s):  
Shannon K. Carter ◽  
Ashley Stone ◽  
Lain Graham ◽  
Jonathan M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Race Disparities ◽  
Breastfeeding Policy

Reducing race disparities in breastfeeding has become a health objective in the United States, spurring research aimed to identify causes and consequences of disparate rates. This study uses critical discourse analysis to assess how Black women are constructed in 80 quantitative health science research articles on breastfeeding disparities in the United States. Our analysis is grounded in critical race and intersectionality scholarship, which argues that researchers often incorrectly treat race and its intersections as causal mechanisms. Our findings reveal two distinct representations. Most commonly, race, gender, and their intersection are portrayed as essential characteristics of individuals. Black women are portrayed as a fixed category, possessing characteristics that inhibit breastfeeding; policy implications focus on modifying Black women’s characteristics to increase breastfeeding. Less commonly, Black women are portrayed as a diverse group who occupy a social position in society resulting from similar social and material conditions, seeking to identify factors that facilitate or inhibit breastfeeding. Policy implications emphasize mitigating structural barriers that disproportionately impact some Black women. We contribute to existing knowledge by demonstrating how dominant health science approaches provide evidence for health promotion campaigns that are unlikely to reduce health disparities and may do more harm than good to Black women. We also demonstrate the existence of a problematic knowledge set about Black women’s reproductive and infant feeding practices that is both ahistorical and decontextualized.

Higher Education Policy: Implications for Gender-Balancing the Curriculum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Mulkeen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
New Institutions

American higher education has been molded by forces outside the educational community. From the Civil War through the mid-1970's our political leadership considered investment in education good for the economy and, therefore, good public policy. This link between schooling and the economic system developed as the United States moved from an agrarian to an industrial economy. Industrialization demanded skills that neither the family nor the church could provide, and tax-supported public higher education was to assist the transformation to an industrial society. The catalyst for this transformation came in 1862 with the passage of the Morrill Act establishing the land grant colleges. These new institutions emphasized the development of technical skills and the application of scientific principles to agriculture, industry and commerce.

scholarly journals Alternate care sites during the COVID-19 pandemic: Policy Implications for pandemic surge planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sue Anne Bell ◽  
Lydia Krienke ◽  
Kathryn Quanstrom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Capacity Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Surge Capacity ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
The Us ◽  
Staffing Needs

Abstract Alternate care sites across the US were widely underutilized during the COVID-19 outbreak, while the volume and severity of COVID-19 cases overwhelmed health systems across the United States. The challenges presented by the pandemic have shown the need to design surge capacity principles with consideration for demand that strains multiple response capabilities. We reviewed current policy and previous literature from past ACS as well as highlight challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic, to make recommendations that can inform future surge capacity planning. Our recommendations include: 1) Preparedness actions need to be continuous and flexible; 2) Staffing needs must be met as they arise with solutions that are specific to the pandemic; 3) Health equity must be a focus of ACS establishment and planning; and 4) ACS should be designed to function without compromising safe and effective care. A critical opportunity exists to identify improvements for future use of ACS in pandemics.

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