Trans-Saharan Migration Through and From the Sahel

2021 ◽  
pp. 746-766
Author(s):  
Harouna Mounkaila
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
In Transit

This chapter describes the dynamics of trans-Saharan migration in relation to the migratory policies implemented in the Sahel in the second decade of the twenty-first century. It argues that the circulation of migrants between the Sahara’s northern and southern edges is not a new phenomenon even though it has intensified and diversified in recent decades. It pays particular attention to the migration policies implemented in Sahelian countries under pressure from the European Union and other partners, with the goal of containing the migration of nationals as well as persons from other countries who are passing through the Sahel. The chapter discusses how the focus on securitization of borders is leading to the criminalization of migration in transit countries. It then analyzes the repercussions of these policies on the conditions for migration, the longstanding migratory patterns in this zone, and the region’s unsteady socioeconomic equilibrium.

scholarly journals Exhibiting Refugee Routes: Contemporary Collecting as Memory Politics

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-316
Author(s):  
Randi Marselis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century

In recent years, numerous European museums have collected objects related to refugees. This article examines the Flight for Life (På Flugt) exhibition (2017), which the National Museum of Denmark organized based on a contemporary collecting project that took place in Greece and Denmark in 2016. Alison Landsberg’s concept of prosthetic memory is made use of here to examine how the exhibition invited visitors to identify with refugees. This empathetic approach had political potential by promoting solidarity with refugees. However, it did not open up a broader contextualization of the collected objects in terms of the migration policies of Denmark and the European Union. This article argues that museums, through contemporary collecting projects of the refugee reception crisis, engage in memory politics by framing how Europe will be able to make sense of the refugee reception crisis of the early twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Remarks on the migration crisis as a challenge to the European Union in the twenty-first century

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Andrzej Sakson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Eu

Among the many crises tormenting the Old Continent, the course and consequences of the migration crisis that began in 2015 are particularly noteworthy. There following issues should be highlighted: – the migration crisis manifests the internal weakness of the EU, since it has not been predicted, effectively neutralized nor managed properly; – the migration crisis has produced a division inside the EU; – the migration crisis has led to internal political and social crises in many EU countries; – the migration crisis has produced far-reaching outcomes (such as increased populism and xenophobia, division of Europe into the East and the West).

Engagement

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-147
Author(s):  
Benedict Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
Public Intellectuals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Popular Appeal ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Robert Menasse

The idea of literary ‘engagement’, first introduced to a wider public by Jean-Paul Sartre in the 1940s, is perhaps the most important twentieth-century contribution to our evolving understanding of authorship. The question of how authors should position themselves vis-à-vis the human conflicts of their day remains as pertinent as ever. In this chapter, Benedict Schofield analyses how two contemporary novelists—Robert Menasse and Ali Smith—have found distinctively twenty-first-century forms of literary engagement, transforming themselves into what Schofield calls ‘cultural statespeople’. The works of Menasse and Smith cement their creators’ demands that they be taken seriously as literary authors, rather than as celebrities or even generic public intellectuals. Yet, both are deeply cognizant of the extra-literary factors that contribute to their popular appeal and use these to agitate for the strengthening and transformation of the European Union.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
David Gutman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
In Transit

The migrant is, according to philosopher Thomas Nail, ‘the political figure of our time.’1 Perhaps nowhere is this more the case in the early twenty-first century than in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. From Libya to Iraq, Yemen to Macedonia, the Middle East has become the epicentre of the greatest migrant and refugee crisis in generations. Countries throughout the region struggle to cope with swelling populations of displaced people, many of whom have been left to languish in squalid camps with little access to food, water, medical treatment or education. Exacerbating the situation are the efforts of many states, especially those located on the frontiers of the European Union, to close their borders, effectively stranding millions of migrants and refugees in transit. The militarisation of land and sea borders separating North Africa and the Middle East from the European Union has contributed to the emergence of a vast smuggling industry, particularly along the Mediterranean rim. Desperate migrants pay often exorbitant fees to smugglers who are eager to adopt ever-riskier strategies to assist their clients, while also avoiding capture. These dynamics have led one prominent scholar of migration to refer to the Mediterranean as ‘the world’s deadliest border.’...

Protection of Consumer Rights

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Mustafe Pllana ◽  
Shyhrete Kukaj
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Ninteenth Century

At the end of Ninteenth century and beginning of Twentieth entry starts a movement with name consumerism. The consumerists' movement, (in domain of politics) is consumer protection which seeks to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards. Consumer protection as it is known today has its roots in the time of ancient civilizations. At the beginning of Twenty first century the consumer protection moves forward. EU is well known for ten fundamental principles of consumer protection. To become part of the European Union, Kosovo institutions are obliged to enact legislation and implement policies in accordance with EU standards. Regarding this has become a research haw is advanced legislation and institutions for consumer protection and what is the program for consumer protection. In the survey are included 150 respondents in 5 major centers of Kosovo. Collected data are processed in SPSS, and findings will be treated in this paper.

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