Electoral Integrity

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
Carolien van Ham
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Election Fraud ◽  
Established Democracies

Election integrity is crucial for political representation. If elections are flawed, rigged, or fraudulent, there is no level playing field for parties and candidates contesting the electoral race, and voters’ preferences are unlikely to be translated truthfully into election outcomes. Election fraud directly affects the formation of preferences, as well as the translation of preferences into votes in the chain of representation, thereby undermining the capacity of elections to generate accountability and responsiveness. This chapter discusses what election integrity is and how it can be measured and provides a review of what we know and do not know yet about election integrity. It then zooms in on election integrity in established democracies, mapping the specific challenges to election integrity experienced by democracies in Europe, North America, and Oceania. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of challenges to election integrity for the quality of political representation.

scholarly journals Political Representation in Liquid Democracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Valsangiacomo
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Liquid Democracy

This article provides an in-depth survey of political representation in Liquid Democracy (LD). More precisely, it refutes two potential criticisms: 1) LD impoverishes the concept of political representation relative to existing representative democracies; 2) LD undermines the centrality of political parties. In answer to (1), the article shows that LD is compatible with a selection model of representation, in which proxies are characterized as gyroscopic representatives, driven by intrinsic motivation and indifferent to sanctions. This claim has far-reaching normative implications for the mandate-independence tradeoff, anti-elitism, and deliberation under LD. With regard to (2), the article examines the function of parties, arguing that, although it puts parties and interest groups on a level playing field, LD does not threaten partisanship, but rather expands the range of potential carriers of partisanship. In addressing these objections, this article demonstrates the democratic credentials of LD, showing that LD is compatible with a high-quality, democratic understanding of representation, which is surrounded by a cluster of thick concepts like commitment, intrinsic motivation, alignment of objectives, sympathy, trust, and dialogue. This turns LD into a powerful instrument for the refurbishment of representation both as a unique mode of political participation and as a practice of self-government.

The Way We Never Were: Postracial Kinesiology and America

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen M. Smith ◽  
Katherine M. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Meaningful Life ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Preparedness ◽  
Racial Hierarchies

Traditional histories of kinesiology generally read as chronological narratives of progress that highlight advancements in performance and technology; pioneering work by faculty and coaches (all White and very often male); the role of physical education in solving America’s crises of masculinity and military preparedness, and now obesity; and finally, stories of harmonious integration where sport serves as a meritocracy and level playing field. These narratives of progress remain prominent in many of the histories of our subdisciplines. Seven “snapshots” of moments in the history of kinesiology are utilized to illustrate often marginalized histories that reflect the profession’s role in creating and reinforcing racial hierarchies. Concluding remarks outline an anti-racist framing of kinesiology that may be worth pondering and outlining, especially as a way to link our subdisciplinary inquiries toward a goal of enhancing quality of life through meaningful, life-long physical activity for all.

scholarly journals A Level Playing Field for Comparing Air and Rail Travel Times

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sauter-Servaes ◽  
Thomas Krautscheid ◽  
Alexander Schober
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Travel Planning ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Online Travel

Background: Shifting travellers from air to rail can reduce environmental impacts and is an important European Union goal. Online travel planning applications allow travellers to easily compare air and rail transport choices, however, they may not accurately consider time travellers spend at the airport or railway station since these depend on buffer times travellers use to protect against delays. Methods: This research investigated the actual time spent at airports and railway stations to analyse the accuracy of travel planning applications and help improve the quality of travel time estimates.The research used a travel time recording application to determine the time spent by passengers at airports and railway stations. Data was collected for 312 trips. The research was supplemented by an extensive literature review of dwell times and multimodal travel planning applications. Results: The research found that travellers spent an average of 157 minutes at airports and 32 minutes at railway stations. Comparing these results to travel planning application, the information shows that the applications significantly underestimate time spent at airports and slightly underestimate time spent at railway stations.The use of unrealistic airport waiting times in travel planning applications distorts traveller perception in favour of air travel. Conclusion: Therefore, railway operators should support the development of improved travel planning applications that better consider waiting times. Improving these applications would be much more cost effective than infrastructure improvements designed to save a few minutes of travel time.

scholarly journals Anti-Dumping Duties and Trade Remedial Measures: The Case of Dumping of Chinese Goods in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bhasin
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Domestic Industry ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Important Trading Partner ◽  
The Government

While China is an important trading partner for India, the increasing imports from China have taken its toll on our manufacturing sector. Many of these imports amount to dumping with goods being sold in the foreign market at a price below the domestic selling price. The deluge of Chinese imports in the Indian market is wiping out many domestic industries and is a cause for serious concern. The quality of these products is often questionable and there is an urgent need to educate and encourage people about the importance of quality products and promote buying of Indian goods. To deal with the detrimental effects of dumping in the Indian market, the government of India has employed measures such as anti-dumping duties and anti-subsidy duties. These measures are not meant to ensure general economic protection to domestic industry per se but are imposed only to ensure a level playing field for the domestic industry to mitigate the injury caused to them due to unfair practices of dumping or subsidization.

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