Surowce energetyczne poradzieckich państw Azji Centralnej w polityce gospodarczej Chin

China s interest in the energy resources of Central Asian has been growing since the end of the 20th century. During the twenty years of the 21st century, China became the most important trading partner Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Eksport from Central Asia to China are raw materials, mainly gas and crude oil, and imports are finished products of the mining sector, transmission and communication infrastructure. The opening in 2009 of the gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to China via Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan was a turning point for the strengthening of Beijing s influence in the region. The gas pipeline broke Russia s monopoly on intermediation in trade in energy resources from Central Asian states and created a completely new system of economic relations. Despite the conflicting interests with the Russian Federation, both countries are demonstrating their will to cooperate politically in the region.

India’s Foreign Trade – An Overview

Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.

Historical Lessons for Australia's Foreign Policy: The Case of British EEC Membership

The Australian Government's attitudes towards major events in international politics such as the UK's entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) in the past and Brexit negotiations today, carry greater weight than previously assumed in political science literature. Australia was critical of the EEC (now called the European Union, EU) in the early 1960s, when its then most important trading partner, the United Kingdom (UK) first applied for membership. Australia was ill-prepared to deal with the repercussions from Britain's entry into the EU, as Australian foreign policy was heavily influenced by local as well as international anti-EEC attitudes. This paper will analyse political debates in Australia during the 1960s and early 1970s with reference to parliamentary Hansard records and newspaper articles in order to suggest a new framework for Australian foreign policy analysis.

Australijsko-chiński handel towarowy w kontekście RCEP i wojny handlowej – diagnoza i perspektywy rozwoju

Australian-Chinese goods trade in the context of the RCEP and the trade war – diagnosis and development prospects The aim of this article is to analyze changes in merchandise bilateral trade relationships between Australia and China in the years of 2000–2020. Particular attention was paid to the importance of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the trade war in response to Austalia’s call for an international inquiry into China’s handling of the coronavirus when the pandemic had become an international issue. The main purpose of this article is to diagnose and evaluate Australian-Chinese relations. The thesis was formulated as follows: the political conflict between China and Australia translates into mutual trade relations, the consequences of which are felt by both sides, but in the coming years China will still be Australia’s most important trading partner. At the same time, Australia will be looking for new markets, and China will be looking for new suppliers.

HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN-BRITISH RELATIONS DURING THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE

The article examines the state and prospects for the development of relations between Kazakhstan and Great Britain. Before British Brexit, cooperation between the two countries was carried out both on a bilateral and multilateral basis. At present, the interaction of the two independent states has reached a high level and is characterized by a wide range of relations in various fields. The priority sectors are energy, exploration and production of minerals, transport and communications, as well as the financial and banking sector. It is indicated that the UK is an important trading partner of the Republic of Kazakhstan and one of the largest investors. In recent years, cooperation in the field of health care, science and culture has become very significant. It was emphasized that consulting and financial services occupy a special place in the relations between the two countries. Thus, the work of the Astana International Financial Center is based on English law and the British have been invited as arbitrators. Some lull arose in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, however, the parties agreed to further continue and deepen cooperation in all areas

Development and Intensity of Mutual Trade between the Visegrad Group and the Russian Federation

Russian's position in the foreign trade relations of the Visegrad Group countries has a long history. Russian Federation is an important trading partner for them, especially in the import of energy raw materials. Poland is the most active trading partner for the Russian Federation within the Visegrad Group. In 2018, the three most exported items of the Visegrad Group to the Russian Federation were machinery and nuclear reactors, cars, and electrical machinery. Mineral fuels accounted for 85 % of the Visegrad Group imports from the Russian Federation. The trade intensity between the Visegrad Group countries and the Russian Federation in 2014 - 2018 was higher than one, except for the Czech Republic. That indicates that the Russian Federation has exported relatively more goods to Slovakia, Poland and Hungary than to the rest of the world.

India–ASEAN Trade Relations: Examining the Trends and Identifying the Potential

The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an important trading partner for India. Through its Act East Policy, India seeks deeper economic integration with ASEAN. In this article, we investigate the pattern of trade between India and ASEAN, using comparative advantage by country (CAC) and market comparative advantage (MCA) as criteria, which are more appropriate measures for showing comparative advantage in a specific market. These measures indicate some major Indian exports to ASEAN are not competitive. When domestic industries are not competitive, governments protect them through tariffs and non-tariff barriers, which act counter to deeper economic integration. We also identify the sectors in which India has the potential to become competitive but is not because of distortionary domestic policy measures. These domestic constraints prohibit Indian firms from participating in the ASEAN supply chain network, an important factor in developing deeper economic integration. Two such sectors—namely aluminium automotive components and the ready-made garment industry—are examined as case studies. Notwithstanding these distortionary policy measures, India still offers a bigger market to do business. The ability to supply lower cost chemicals and affordable pharmaceutical products at the time of COVID-19 is an added plus.

The linguistic landscape of a Malaysian border town

This study focuses on the residential neighbourhoods of Johor Bahru city, the administrative and business centre of the Johor Bahru region and the Malaysian state of Johor. Johor Bahru is a border town, located in the very south of peninsular Malaysia, less than one mile away from Singapore. According to City Population (2018), the Johor Bahru region has a multi-ethnic population of almost 1.4 million, comprised of native ‘Bumiputera’ (52%), Chinese (37.4%), Indian (9.9%) and ‘other’ (0.6%) citizens. Hutchinson and Bhattacharya (2019: 1) describe economic links with Singapore as ‘long standing, far-reaching, spanning trade in goods and services, as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) and movement of people’; both countries are one another's ‘second most important trading partner, in both cases surpassed only by China and outranking traditional commercial allies such as the United States and Japan’.

Anti-Dumping Duties and Trade Remedial Measures: The Case of Dumping of Chinese Goods in India

While China is an important trading partner for India, the increasing imports from China have taken its toll on our manufacturing sector. Many of these imports amount to dumping with goods being sold in the foreign market at a price below the domestic selling price. The deluge of Chinese imports in the Indian market is wiping out many domestic industries and is a cause for serious concern. The quality of these products is often questionable and there is an urgent need to educate and encourage people about the importance of quality products and promote buying of Indian goods. To deal with the detrimental effects of dumping in the Indian market, the government of India has employed measures such as anti-dumping duties and anti-subsidy duties. These measures are not meant to ensure general economic protection to domestic industry per se but are imposed only to ensure a level playing field for the domestic industry to mitigate the injury caused to them due to unfair practices of dumping or subsidization.

Real Convergence of Western Balkan Countries to European Union in view of Macroeconomic Policy Mix

Western Balkan (WB) countries have a clear orientation towards the European Union (EU), all of them currently being candidate or potential candidate countries. Moreover, the EU is an important trading partner of the WB economies, therefore, there is a recognizable need for convergence of this region towards the EU economy. The real convergence is a rather slow process and the WB region is still lagging behind the EU. This paper explores the catch up of the WB region during the global crisis that severely hit the EU economy, trying to identify potential changes in the convergence pace. In addition, this work makes a joint overview of the nominal and real convergence processes as well as the convergence of the general macroeconomic indicators of the WB countries to the EU, taking them as complementary and mutually self-supporting processes.