Old-Age Pensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 491-505
Author(s):  
Karl Hinrichs ◽  
Julia F. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
The Rich

Welfare states within the traditional OECD area arranged their pension systems after 1945 so that complete exit from paid employment during an ever-longer retirement period became a universal entitlement. The institutionalization of old-age pensions in the OECD area resulted from an expansion of pension systems in several dimensions: coverage was broadened to almost the entire (working) population, eligibility criteria for enjoying a pension became liberalized (e.g. flexible retirement), the range of benefits was expanded (e.g. survivors’ pensions) and, most importantly, the generosity of benefits substantially increased. This chapter describes the origins, organization, and social consequences of mature pension systems in the developed welfare states; discusses the challenges posed to these systems by demographic, economic, and societal transformations occurring since the 1970s; and traces trajectories of reform, both actual and anticipated. Throughout, our focus is on the pension systems of the rich democracies of Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes, with more selective attention given to developments in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe.

The historical origins of old-age pension schemes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Aline Grünewald
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Historical Origins

Abstract Old-age pensions are the most widespread social security programmes around the world. While many case studies have focused on the historical origins of old-age pensions, global and comparative studies are limited mainly due to missing data. To address this shortcoming, this article introduces the novel PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World, 1880–2010), which comprises data on: (1) the timing of the first pension introductions; (2) the pension design; (3) the mode of financing; (4) eligibility criteria; (5) benefit generosity and (6) coverage rates for all independent countries. Additionally, the article describes global pension patterns and highlights case evidence. It shows that economic development strategies, political incentives to bind citizens to the state, administrative reasons as well as colonial legacies and the Soviet model of social security have strongly affected the origins of old-age pensions.

scholarly journals Securing Old-Age Pensions Across Borders: Sudanese Transnational Families Across the Netherlands, the UK and Sudan

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
Ester Serra Mingot
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Transnational Families ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Generous Welfare

AbstractThis chapter explores the social-protection domain of old-age pensions for Sudanese transnational families. The chapter is based on data collected during 14 months of multi-sited and partly matched-sample ethnographic fieldwork (2015–2017) with 21 Sudanese migrants in the Netherlands, 22 in the UK and 19 of their families in Sudan. Drawing on the life stories of members of different Sudanese families, this contribution addresses the question of what kinds of consideration underlie the decisions of Sudanese migrants when moving to certain places to secure their old-age pension. The chapter shows that the different mobilities in which Sudanese migrants engage have the double aim of both providing for their elderly parents back home now and securing their own pension in the future. The findings question the idea of ‘welfare shopping’ and show that migrants’ decision to move is not based so much on more or less generous welfare states but on the possibilities to arrange their own and their families’ social protection in a manner that is deemed better in the family’s understanding of social protection, which is strongly embedded in practices of generalised reciprocity.

Globalization and Pension Reform in Latin America

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (04) ◽  
pp. 31-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Financial Globalization ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pension Systems

Abstract While financial globalization has created powerful incentives for Latin American governments to privatize old age pension systems, reliance on short-term capital flows has also constrained the ability of cash-strapped governments to enact that reform. Analysis of the technocratic process of pension reform in Argentina and Brazil provides evidence. Instead of simply generating unidirectional pressures for structural pension reform, financial globalization has created a double bind for Latin America's capital-scarce governments, fostering long-term incentives to privatize pension systems while heightening the risk of punishment in the short term.

scholarly journals Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Sony Pellissery ◽  
Saloni Jain ◽  
Geo Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Social Security Benefits

AbstractIndia has a segmented social protection system. About 92% of workers in India are in unorganised sector, deprived of formal social security provisions. Those who are in formal sector receive very generous social protection arrangements close to that of welfare states in Europe, primarily influenced by the colonial legacy. Those in the informal sector primarily meet their social security needs from their disposable income. With expansive private welfare providers, the rich segment in the informal segment is able to afford this. Indian unskilled migrants, mainly in the Gulf region, have a range of benefits that are primarily to meet the civil rights, rather than social rights. Compared to this, Indian migrants in Western Europe and the Americas mainly benefit from the social security system in those countries. On the other hand, foreigners coming to India have limited social security arrangements. Since 2000, India has entered into bilateral agreements with several countries, which also recognise a new category of workers called ‘international workers’. These workers have their social security benefits primarily protected as in source country.

The Puzzle of Populism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Party Systems

This chapter sets out the puzzle at the center of the book: what explains the success of populist campaigners in India, Asia, and beyond? It summarizes the existing literature on populist success both in Latin America and Western Europe and argues that these explanations do a poor job of explaining Indian and Asian cases in particular. Populists win elections when the institutionalized ties between non-populist parties and voters decay. However, because different kinds of party systems experience distinct stresses and strains, we need different models of populist success based on the prevailing party­–voter linkage system in place in any given country. The chapter then sets out the rationale for concentrating on explaining populist success in patronage-based party systems, which are common not only to Asia, but also to Latin America and Eastern Europe.

Old Age Pensions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pestieau ◽  
Mathieu Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
Old Age Poverty ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Social Security Benefits

This chapter gives an overview of the type of pension system existing in Europe. Contributive and redistributive systems are opposed but the chapter shows that pension systems are more often a mix of both. The chapter shows how these systems have been more or less effective in tackling old age poverty in most countries and it points to the main challenges that these systems are facing, namely population ageing and low labour-force participation. The major reforms that have been implemented to ensure future sustainability of pension systems are presented but a number of additional changes that should be implemented are discussed. The chapter also presents projections for future outcomes and the link between demographic challenges and social security benefits is highlighted.

scholarly journals Diversity in health professional education scholarship: a document analysis of international author representation in leading journals

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e043970
Author(s):  
Brittany Buffone ◽  
Ilena Djuana ◽  
Katherine Yang ◽  
Kyle J Wilby ◽  
Maguy S El Hajj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Health Professional Education ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

ObjectivesThe global distribution of health professionals and associated training programmes is wide but prior study has demonstrated reported scholarship of teaching and learning arises from predominantly Western perspectives.DesignWe conducted a document analysis to examine authorship of recent publications to explore current international representation.Data sourcesThe table of contents of seven high-impact English-language health professional education journals between 2008 and 2018 was extracted from Embase.Eligibility criteriaThe journals were selected according to highest aggregate ranking across specific scientific impact indices and stating health professional education in scope; only original research and review articles from these publications were included for analysis.Data extraction and synthesisThe table of contents was extracted and eligible publications screened by independent reviewers who further characterised the geographic affiliations of the publishing research teams and study settings (if applicable).ResultsA total 12 018 titles were screened and 7793 (64.8%) articles included. Most were collaborations (7048, 90.4%) conducted by authors from single geographic regions (5851, 86%). Single-region teams were most often formed from countries in North America (56%), Northern Europe (14%) or Western Europe (10%). Overall lead authorship from Asian, African or South American regions was less than 15%, 5% and 1%, respectively. Geographic representation varied somewhat by journal, but not across time.ConclusionsDiversity in health professional education scholarship, as marked by nation of authors’ professional affiliations, remains low. Under-representation of published research outside Global North regions limits dissemination of novel ideas resulting in unidirectional flow of experiences and a concentrated worldview of teaching and learning.

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