Metalinguistic Negation

2020 ◽  
pp. 348-368
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Martins
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Metalinguistic Negation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extensive Bibliography

This chapter introduces the reader to the concept of ‘metalinguistic negation’ as defined by Horn (1989), the extensive bibliography on the topic, and the main issues it considers and debates. Besides the pragmatic and semantic matters that have been at the heart of the literature’s discussions, the chapter also considers syntactic aspects of metalinguistic negation, extending the focus from not-sentences to a broader coverage of the ways metalinguistic negation can be grammatically expressed, including different types of unambiguous metalinguistic negation markers (e.g. idioms, such as like hell, wh- phrases, and locative/temporal deictics). The interaction between metalinguistic negation and polarity items is considered central to separate ‘metalinguistic’ from ‘descriptive’ negation. The distinction between metalinguistic negation and the concepts of denial and contrastive negation is also clarified. Brief notice is given of investigations in language acquisition, ERP and eye-tracking, which may put to the test the cognitive reality of metalinguistic negation.

scholarly journals Covert Attention to Gestures Is Sufficient for Information Uptake

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Gimhani Kandana Arachchige ◽  
Wivine Blekic ◽  
Isabelle Simoes Loureiro ◽  
Laurent Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Information Extraction ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Degraded Speech ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tracking Technology

Numerous studies have explored the benefit of iconic gestures in speech comprehension. However, only few studies have investigated how visual attention was allocated to these gestures in the context of clear versus degraded speech and the way information is extracted for enhancing comprehension. This study aimed to explore the effect of iconic gestures on comprehension and whether fixating the gesture is required for information extraction. Four types of gestures (i.e., semantically and syntactically incongruent iconic gestures, meaningless configurations, and congruent iconic gestures) were presented in a sentence context in three different listening conditions (i.e., clear, partly degraded or fully degraded speech). Using eye tracking technology, participants’ gaze was recorded, while they watched video clips after which they were invited to answer simple comprehension questions. Results first showed that different types of gestures differently attract attention and that the more speech was degraded, the less participants would pay attention to gestures. Furthermore, semantically incongruent gestures appeared to particularly impair comprehension although not being fixated while congruent gestures appeared to improve comprehension despite also not being fixated. These results suggest that covert attention is sufficient to convey information that will be processed by the listener.

Studying Gaze Behavior to Compare Three Different Hazard Perception Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286-1303
Author(s):  
Sarah Malone ◽  
Roland Brünken
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Verbal Task ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
And Training ◽  
Verbal Specification

Objective The aim of the current study was to compare the traditional, verbal, and motoric tasks regarding their contributions to hazard perception measurement. Background Traditional hazard perception tasks require the participants to respond to filmed traffic conflicts in an imprecise way, such as by pressing a button. More sophisticated tasks include either verbal specification or motoric localization of the perceived hazards. The present study investigated the participants’ gaze behavior when they were provided with an identical set of traffic animations but were instructed to perform one of three types of hazard perception tasks. Method In an eye tracking study, 69 drivers were shown animated traffic scenarios and instructed to perform the traditional (press button), verbal, or speeded motoric localization hazard perception task. Eye tracking revealed whether and when the participant had fixated a certain hazard cue. Results The participants in the traditional task group were slower to fixate emerging hazards, but quicker to respond to them than the participants of the verbal and the motoric groups. As a specific benefit, the verbal task differentiated between different types of failures. Conclusion Additional verbal or speeded motoric localization tasks seem to have increased the participants’ alertness when watching the animations. The verbal task provides valuable additional information regarding the participants’ performance. To approximate real-life hazard perception ability, it is recommended that researchers and practitioners use a combination of different hazard perception tasks for assessment and training.

WHERE YOU LOOK DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU ARE WILLING TO AFFORD: EYE TRACKING IN MENUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 109634802095122
Author(s):  
Henrique Fátima Boyol Ngan ◽  
Ali Bavik ◽  
Chen-Feng Kuo ◽  
Chung-En Yu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Price Consciousness ◽  
Visual Patterns ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Just Price ◽  
Food Offerings

The first impression that diners receive from a food and beverage establishment is via its menu, which conveys more information than just price and food offerings. Despite evidence that suggests possible gaze patterns across restaurant menus, it remains largely unknown how different consumers process this information across different types of menus. Hence, the present study aims to examine consumer visual patterns across traditional Chinese menus compared with regular menus in relation to their price-consciousness, using eye-tracking methodology. Contrary to previous studies that suggest general patterns of scanpaths in reading menus, the findings of the current study note that “price-conscious” consumers exhibit different gaze patterns. Additionally, the menu layout appears to play a role in consumer processing of menu-related data as well. Thus, it is important that restauranteurs define their target consumers and design their menus accordingly.

Language Acquisition and Cerebral Specialization in 20-Month-Old Infants

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra L. Mills ◽  
Sharon A. Coffey-Corina ◽  
Helen J. Neville
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of neural activity relevant to language processing in 20-month-old infants, and to determine whether or not changes in cerebral organization occur as a function of specific changes in language development. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as children listened to a series of words whose meaning was understood by the child, words whose meaning the child did not understand, and backward words. The results showed that specific and different ERP components discriminated comprehended words from unknown and from backward words. Distinct lateral and anterior-posterior specializations were apparent in EW responsiveness to the different types of words. Moreover, the results suggested that increasing language abilities were associated with increasing cerebral specialization for language processing over the temporal and parietal regions of the left hemisphere.

scholarly journals Lexical, Morphological, and Syntactic Characteristics of Verbs in the Spontaneous Production of Italian Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura D'Odorico ◽  
Mirco Fasolo ◽  
Rosalinda Cassibba ◽  
Alessandro Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spontaneous Production ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Developmental Point ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

This study investigates from a developmental point of view the lexical, morphological, and syntactic characteristics of verb production during the first stages of language acquisition. The spontaneous productions of children with different mean length of utterance (MLU) were analysed, examining the relative production of different types of verbs (transitive, intransitive, and mixed), the arguments expressed or omitted in the utterances containing a verb, the morphological inflections produced by the children for each verb, and the generalisation of the syntactic construction with which specific verbs were produced. Data are interpreted in support of the hypothesis that children have a limited abstract knowledge of verbs in the early period of multiword utterance production and that the process of abstractness and generalisation develops gradually on the basis of linguistic experience.

scholarly journals A Method of Objects Classification Based on Learning and Visual Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Xinbo Zhao ◽  
Yongjia Yang ◽  
Xiaochun Zou
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Classification Method ◽  
Attention Model ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Visual Saliency Model ◽  
High Level

Objects classification is one of the most significant problems in computer vision. For improving the accuracy of objects classification, we put forward a new classification method enlightened the whole process that human distinguish different types of objects. Our method mixed visual saliency model and CNN, is more close to human and has apparently biological advantages. Firstly, we built an eye-tracking database to learn people visual behaviors when they classify various objects and recorded the eye-tracking data. Secondly, this database is used to train a learning-based visual attention model, which is based on low-level (e.g., orientation, color, intensity, etc.) and high-level (e.g., faces, people, cars, etc.) image features to analyze and predict the human's classification RoIs. Finally, we established a CNN framework to classify RoIs. The results of the experiment showed our attention model can determine saliency regions and predict human's classification RoIs more precisely and our classification method improved the efficiency of classification markedly.

scholarly journals When too many vowels impede language processing: An eye-tracking study of Danish-learning children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Trecca ◽  
Dorthe Bleses ◽  
Anders Højen ◽  
Thomas O. Madsen ◽  
Morten H. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Word Boundaries

Research has suggested that Danish-learning children lag behind in early language acquisition. The phenomenon has been attributed to the opaque phonetic structure of Danish, which features an unusually large number of non-consonantal sounds (i.e., vowels and semivowels/glides). The large amount of vocalic sounds in speech is thought to provide fewer cues to word segmentation and to make language processing harder, thus hindering the acquisition process. In this study, we explored whether the presence of vocalic sounds at word boundaries impedes real-time speech processing in 24-month-old Danish-learning children, compared to word boundaries that are marked by consonantal sounds. Using eye-tracking, we tested children’s real-time comprehension of known consonant-initial and vowel-initial words, when presented in either a consonant-final carrier phrase or in a vowel-final carrier phrase, thus resulting in the four boundary types C#C, C#V, V#C, and V#V. Our results showed that the presence of vocalic sounds around a word boundary—especially before—impedes processing of Danish child-directed sentences.

scholarly journals THE ACCULTURATION MODEL OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: INSPECTING WEAKNESSES AND STRENGTHS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Zaker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Affecting Factor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
L2 Learning ◽  
Language Environment

Previous research has highlighted the significant impact of culture on learning a second language (L2). Accordingly, culture is now believed to be a major learning-affecting factor which, along with linguistic competence, facilitates the process of L2 learning. Some have proposed that being surrounded in the L2 environment gives one a better chance of learning an L2. Based on this premise, Schumann in 1978 proposed the acculturation/pidginization model as an environmental-oriented model that emphasizes identification with a community as the primary requirement of second language acquisition. This study attempts to take a closer look at different aspects of this theory. The taxonomy of factors which control social distance is presented along with the different types of acculturation and the stages/steps of acculturation in an L2 environment. The article concludes with a discussion on the advantages and shortcomings of the model.Keywords: acculturation, culture, pidginization, target language environment

scholarly journals Synquesticon: An Environment for Authoring and Conducting Micro Task Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
Michael Hildebrandt ◽  
Hoa T. Nguyen ◽  
Jens-Patrick Langstrand
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Software System ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Accuracy Data ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Exchange Data

Micro tasks are small knowledge probes that can provide speed and accuracy data about how well a user interface (UI) supports work tasks. We present a software system that supports researchers in authoring, managing and conducting micro tasks studies. The system supports the generation of different types of micro task questions, provides tagging functionality, can exchange data with external systems such as simulators, is fully integrated with eye tracking, presents micro tasks questions to participants, allows for online observation, and stores responses in a data base.

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