Transcranial electrical stimulation devices

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) devices apply electrical waveforms through electrodes placed on the scalp to modulate brain function. This chapter describes the principles, types, and components of tES devices as well as practical considerations for their use. All tES devices include a waveform generator, electrodes, and an adhesive or headgear to position the electrodes. tES dose is defined by the size and position of electrodes, and the waveform, duration, and intensity of the current. Many sub-classes of tES are named based on dose. This chapter focuses on low intensity tES, which includes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS). tES electrode types are reviewed, including electrolyte-soaked sponge, adhesive hydrogel, high-definition, hand-held solid metal, free paste on electrode, and dry. Computational models support device design and individual targeting. The tolerability of tES is protocol specific, and medical grade devices minimize risk.

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Sham transcranial electrical stimulation and its effects on corticospinal excitability: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2017-0026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 223-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Thusharika D. Dissanayaka ◽

Maryam Zoghi ◽

Michael Farrell ◽

Gary F. Egan ◽

Shapour Jaberzadeh

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Noise ◽

Corticospinal Excitability ◽

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽

Placebo Effects ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation ◽

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

AbstractSham stimulation is used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the efficacy of active stimulation and placebo effects. It should mimic the characteristics of active stimulation to achieve blinding integrity. The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to identify the effects of sham transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) – including anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS, c-tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) – on corticospinal excitability (CSE), compared to baseline in healthy individuals. Electronic databases – PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Science Direct and MEDLINE (Ovid) – were searched for RCTs of tES from 1990 to March 2017. Thirty RCTs were identified. Using a random-effects model, meta-analysis of a-tDCS, c-tDCS, tACS, tRNS and tPCS studies showed statistically non-significant pre-post effects of sham interventions on CSE. This review found evidence for statically non-significant effects of sham tES on CSE.

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Methods and Technologies for Low-Intensity Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Waveforms, Terminology, and Historical Notes

Textbook of Neuromodulation ◽

10.1007/978-1-4939-1408-1_2 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 7-16

Author(s):

Berkan Guleyupoglu ◽

Pedro Schestatsky ◽

Felipe Fregni ◽

Marom Bikson

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽

Low Intensity

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Modulation of auditory gamma-band responses using transcranial electrical stimulation

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00003.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 2504-2514

Author(s):

Kevin T. Jones ◽

Elizabeth L. Johnson ◽

Zoe S. Tauxe ◽

Donald C. Rojas

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Direct Current ◽

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Alternating Current ◽

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽

Gamma Phase ◽

Sham Stimulation ◽

Gamma Frequency ◽

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Gamma frequency-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) adjusts the magnitude and timing of auditory gamma responses, as compared with both sham stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). However, both tACS and tDCS strengthen the gamma phase connectome, which is disrupted in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. These findings reveal dissociable neurophysiological changes following two noninvasive neurostimulation techniques commonly applied in clinical and research settings.

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A Novel Design of Electrode Holder for High-Definition Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

Brain Stimulation ◽

10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1692

Author(s):

Cassandra Solomons ◽

Vivekanandan Shanmugasundaram

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽

High Definition ◽

Electrode Holder ◽

Novel Design

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Dataset of concurrent EEG, ECG, and behavior with multiple doses of transcranial electrical stimulation

Scientific Data ◽

10.1038/s41597-021-01046-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nigel Gebodh ◽

Zeinab Esmaeilpour ◽

Abhishek Datta ◽

Marom Bikson

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽

Brain State ◽

High Definition ◽

Before And After ◽

Human Participant ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

And Behavior ◽

Unique Dataset

AbstractWe present a dataset combining human-participant high-density electroencephalography (EEG) with physiological and continuous behavioral metrics during transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). Data include within participant application of nine High-Definition tES (HD-tES) types, targeting three cortical regions (frontal, motor, parietal) with three stimulation waveforms (DC, 5 Hz, 30 Hz); more than 783 total stimulation trials over 62 sessions with EEG, physiological (ECG, EOG), and continuous behavioral vigilance/alertness metrics. Experiment 1 and 2 consisted of participants performing a continuous vigilance/alertness task over three 70-minute and two 70.5-minute sessions, respectively. Demographic data were collected, as well as self-reported wellness questionnaires before and after each session. Participants received all 9 stimulation types in Experiment 1, with each session including three stimulation types, with 4 trials per type. Participants received two stimulation types in Experiment 2, with 20 trials of a given stimulation type per session. Within-participant reliability was tested by repeating select sessions. This unique dataset supports a range of hypothesis testing including interactions of tDCS/tACS location and frequency, brain-state, physiology, fatigue, and cognitive performance.

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