Cluster Dynamics and Regional Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-226
Author(s):  
AnnaLee Saxenian
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Valley ◽  
The United States ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Science Park ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Regional Clusters ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Route 128 ◽  
Policy Mechanisms ◽  
Research And Policy

Regional clusters and their competitive advantages have attracted growing research and policy focus. This chapter reviews cluster dynamics, regional advantages, and the talent flow amongst the leading innovation hubs, notably Silicon Valley, and new emerging hubs in newly industrializing economies. In exploring cluster dynamics, cultures, and networks, the chapter compares Silicon Valley and Route 128, the leading innovation hubs, in the United States. It provides an alternative network approach to examine and explain the dynamics of industrial hubs and cluster dynamics. It also shows that economies of the periphery (such as Hsinchuu Science Park in Taipei) can rely on strategies of talent circulation and brain gain through collaboration with leading innovation hubs. Through a comparative study of firms in Silicon Valley and Route 128, the chapter explains the uneven performance between the two regional hubs, and provides new insights on regional clusters. This has implications for countries exploring effective policy mechanisms for cluster dynamics to develop technological capabilities. The review focuses on a particularly significant period, the 1970s to 1990s.

Science, Politics, and the Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
J. Nicholas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Scientific Expertise ◽  
The Uk

Comparing the virus responses in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows that in order for scientific expertise to result in effective policy, rational political leadership is required. Each of these three countries is known for advanced biomedical research, yet their experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic diverged widely. Germany’s political leadership carefully followed scientific advice and organized public–private partnerships to scale up testing, resulting in relatively low infection levels. The UK and US political responses were far more erratic and less informed by scientific advice—and proved much less effective.

The Development of an Online Tobacco Tracker Tool to Crowdsource Campus Environmental Reports for Smoke and Tobacco Free College Policies: A Mixed Methods Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina F. Loureiro ◽  
Kim M. Pulvers ◽  
Melissa M. Gosdin ◽  
Keavagh R. Clift ◽  
Myra J. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Policy Enforcement ◽  
Sequential Mixed Methods ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Online Tracking ◽  
One Year

BACKGROUND College campuses in the United States have begun implementing Smoke and Tobacco-Free policies to discourage the use of tobacco. Smoke and Tobacco-Free policies, however, are contingent upon effective policy enforcement. OBJECTIVE To develop an empirically-derived online tracking tool (Tracker) for crowdsourcing campus environmental reports of tobacco use and waste to support smoke and tobacco-free college policies. METHODS An exploratory sequential mixed methods approach was utilized to inform the development and evaluation of the Tracker. In October 2018, three focus groups across two California universities were conducted and themes were analyzed, guiding Tracker development. After one year of implementation, users were asked in April 2020 to complete a survey about their experience. RESULTS In the focus groups, two major themes emerged: barriers and facilitators to tool utilization. Further Tracker development was guided by focus group input to address these barriers (e.g. information, policing, and logistical concerns) and facilitators (e.g. environmental motivators, positive reinforcement). Amongst 1,163 Tracker reports, those who completed the user survey (n=316) reported the top motivations to using the tool were having a cleaner environment (79%) and health concerns (69%). CONCLUSIONS Environmental concerns, a motivator which emerged in focus groups, shaped the Tracker’s development and was cited by the majority of users surveyed as a top motivator for utilization.

scholarly journals Physical Disability at Work: How Functional Limitation Affects Perceived Discrimination and Interpersonal Relationships in the Workplace

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652110234
Author(s):  
Deborah Carr ◽  
Eun Ha Namkung
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coworker Support ◽  
Workplace Experiences ◽  
Occupation Group ◽  
Midlife Development ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Research And Policy

Adults with disability have significantly lower rates of labor force participation relative to persons without disability, although it is unclear whether this disparity extends to subjective workplace experiences. Using data from the 2004 to 2006 wave of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (n =2,030), we evaluate: (1) whether U.S. workers with physical disability report higher levels of perceived job discrimination and unequal workplace opportunities and lower levels of supervisor and coworker support and (2) whether these patterns differ by sex, age, and occupation group. We find that workers with physical disability fare significantly worse on all four outcomes net of covariates. Disability takes a particularly large toll on men’s perceived workplace opportunities and white-collar employees’ relationships with coworkers. Young adult workers (ages 30–39) with disability report significantly more support from their supervisor relative to their counterparts without disability. We discuss implications for research and policy.

scholarly journals Radiation Research and Policy Coordination: A Successful Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p183
Author(s):  
Alvin L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Technology Policy ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
Radiation Research ◽  
Research And Policy

The Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC) was charted in April 1984 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC because there was a need to ensure that Federal policies and research applicable to the use and control of radiation sources were well coordinated and integrated. The creation and maintenance of a convenient neutral forum provided opportunities for examining various agency and public interests in radiation research and policy formulation. During its 11 years of existence, the success of CIRRPC’s policy and research initiatives were supported by a professional and administrative staff whose operations were housed in a central and neutral facility that served as a focal point for the radiation coordination activities of the 18 member agencies and departments that were brought together to discuss radiation and scientific issues of mutual interest. For over a decade CIRRPC was recognized nationally and internationally for its activities, and its preparation and publication of more than 20 major reports. CIRRPC was a model of how the Federal government should coordinate radiation issues for the United States.

scholarly journals Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Alcohol brand sponsorship of events, organizations and causes in the United States, 2010-2013

Addiction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 1977-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Belt ◽  
Korene Stamatakos ◽  
Amanda J. Ayers ◽  
Victoria A. Fryer ◽  
David H. Jernigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Research And Policy

Cultural Differences in Trust in High-Tech International Business Ventures

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alexandra Gerbasi ◽  
Dominika Latusek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Start Up

This chapter presents results from the qualitative field study conducted in a Silicon Valley-based American-Polish start-up joint venture. It investigates the issues of collaboration within one firm that is made up of individuals from two countries that differ dramatically in generalized trust: Poland and the United States. The authors explore differences between thick, knowledge-based forms of trust and thin, more social capital-oriented forms of trust, and they discuss how these affect collaboration between representatives of both cultures. Finally, the authors address how these differences in trust can both benefit an organization and also cause it difficulties in managing its employees.

scholarly journals Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: A blueprint for practice, research, and policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassandra I. Alcaraz ◽  
Tracy L. Wiedt ◽  
Elvan C. Daniels ◽  
K. Robin Yabroff ◽  
Carmen E. Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Research And Policy
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