physical disability
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Moltke Martiny ◽  
Helene Scott-Fordsmand ◽  
Andreas Rathmann Jensen ◽  
Asger Juhl ◽  
David Eskelund Nielsen ◽  
...  

The contact hypothesis has dominated work on prejudice reduction and is often described as one of the most successful theories within social psychology. The hypothesis has nevertheless been criticized for not being applicable in real life situations due to unobtainable conditions for direct contact. Several indirect contact suggestions have been developed to solve this “application challenge.” Here, we suggest a hybrid strategy of both direct and indirect contact. Based on the second-person method developed in social psychology and cognition, we suggest working with an engagement strategy as a hybrid hypothesis. We expand on this suggestion through an engagement-based intervention, where we implement the strategy in a theater performance and investigate the effects on prejudicial attitudes toward people with physical disabilities. Based on the results we reformulate our initial engagement strategy into the Enact (Engagement, Nuancing, and Attitude formation) hypothesis. To deal with the application challenge, this hybrid hypothesis posits two necessary conditions for prejudice reduction. Interventions should: (1) work with engagement to reduce prejudice, and (2) focus on the second-order level of attitudes formation. Here the aim of the prejudice reduction is not attitude correction, but instead the nuancing of attitudes.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Kavaliunas ◽  
Virginija Danylaitė Karrenbauer ◽  
Stefanie Binzer ◽  
Jan Hillert

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a challenging and disabling condition, predominantly affecting individuals in early adulthood. MS affects the physical, cognitive, and mental health of persons suffering from the disease as well as having a great impact on their financial status and quality of life. However, there is a lack of systematic approach toward assessing the socioeconomic consequences of MS. Our objective was to systematically review analytical observational studies investigating the socioeconomic consequences in persons with MS with different levels of physical disability and cognitive function. We conducted a systematic review on socioeconomic consequences of MS with a focus on employment-, income-, work ability-, and relationship-related outcomes in persons with MS with special focus on disability and cognition. Additionally, the educational characteristics were examined. From 4,957 studies identified, 214 were assessed for eligibility and a total of 19 studies were included in this qualitative assessment; 21 different outcomes were identified. All identified studies reported higher unemployment, higher early retirement, and higher risk of unemployment in relation to higher physical disability. Also, cognitive function was found to be a predictor of employment (unemployment). The studies pointed out significant correlations between greater disability and lower earnings and higher income from benefits. A study found the same correlation in relation to cognitive function. The studies reported higher work disability in relation to higher physical disability and lower cognitive function. In conclusion, this systematic review summarizes the pronounced differences in various socioeconomic outcomes between patients with MS with regards to their physical disability and cognitive function. In addition, we identified a lack of studies with longitudinal design in this field that can provide more robust estimates with covariate adjustments, such as disease modifying treatments.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie A. H. Jacobs ◽  
Paolo A. Muraro ◽  
Maria T. Cencioni ◽  
Sarah Knowles ◽  
James H. Cole ◽  
...  

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) analysis method “brain-age” paradigm could offer an intuitive prognostic metric (brain-predicted age difference: brain-PAD) for disability in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), reflecting structural brain health adjusted for aging. Equally, cellular senescence has been reported in MS using T-cell biomarker CD8+CD57+.Objective: Here we explored links between MRI-derived brain-age and blood-derived cellular senescence. We examined the value of combining brain-PAD with CD8+CD57+(ILT2+PD-1+) T-cells when predicting disability score in MS and considered whether age-related biological mechanisms drive disability.Methods: Brain-age analysis was applied to T1-weighted MRI images. Disability was assessed and peripheral blood was examined for CD8+CD57+ T-cell phenotypes. Linear regression models were used, adjusted for sex, age and normalized brain volume.Results: We included 179 mainly relapsing-remitting MS patients. A high brain-PAD was associated with high physical disability (mean brain-PAD = +6.54 [5.12–7.95]). CD8+CD57+(ILT2+PD-1+) T-cell frequency was neither associated with disability nor with brain-PAD. Physical disability was predicted by the interaction between brain-PAD and CD8+CD57+ILT2+PD-1+ T-cell frequency (AR2 = 0.196), yet without improvement compared to brain-PAD alone (AR2 = 0.206; AICc = 1.8).Conclusion: Higher frequency of CD8+CD57+ILT2+PD-1+ T-cells in the peripheral blood in patients with an older appearing brain was associated with worse disability scores, suggesting a role of these cells in the development of disability in MS patients with poorer brain health.


2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Sabirin Berampu ◽  
Elsaria Br Sembiring

Stroke is a disease that is most commonly found today, stroke has a high mortality and disability rate. Stroke can cause physical disability in productive age and old age. This study aims to determine the effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) on the strength of the prehension Cylindrical grip function in non-hemorrhagic stroke patients. This research is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design, one group pretest and posttest, the samples were taken by purposive sampling, namely non-hemorrhagic stroke patients who visited the physiotherapy poly at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. The results showed a p-value of 0.001 which means that there is an effect of PNF on the strength of the prehension Cylindrical grip function in non-hemorrhagic stroke patients.


2022 ◽  
pp. 254-278

The study of poverty explores the experiences of elderly people and people living with disabilities pertaining to the five broad categories of disability, namely physical disability, blindness, deafness, and mental illness, including perceived barriers and remedies. Disability whether physical infirmity, disease, or sensory impairment or perhaps later in life, by the onset of illness or frailty due to aging, is conceptualized as a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a ‘normal' or expected manner. By focusing on the African extended family's context and the living conditions among people with and without disabilities, this discussion informs policy everywhere to combat poverty and social exclusion and discrimination, take lifecycle approach to individual needs, eliminate poverty among the elderly and in people living with disabilities, and ensure access to social protections and community participation.


2022 ◽  
pp. 1119-1134
Author(s):  
Jukka Mononen ◽  
Raija Halonen

The purpose of this study was to analyze how highly educated women with physical disability (WwPD) are employed and integrated in the information and communication technology (ICT) field as experienced by themselves. This question is important due to the lack of knowledge regarding the employment of highly educated WwPD in the ICT sector. An empirical study was carried out with the help of a qualitative research method that involved eight interviews. The study showed that disability has a significant impact when women choose the ICT sector for their studies. However, one of the significant findings was that the individuals characters matter the most.


Author(s):  
Huiyu Wang ◽  
Hengyi Liu ◽  
Fuyu Guo ◽  
Jiajianghui Li ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Exposure to air pollution is associated with several chronic diseases and subclinical processes that could subsequently contribute to physical disability. However, whether and to what extent air pollution exposure is associated with objective measures of physical functioning remains understudied. Methods We used longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and included 10,823 participants who were surveyed at least twice. Annual average exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was assessed using a state-of-the-art estimator. Physical functioning was assessed with four objective tests covering hand-grip strength, balance, repeated chair stands, and gait speed. Mixed-effects models with participants as a random term were used to estimate associations with multiple adjustments. Results We found a significant and robust association between exposure to increased PM2.5 and the reduction in hand-grip strength and balance ability. Each 10-μg/m 3 increase in annual averaged concentrations of PM2.5 was associated with a 220-g (95% confidence interval [CI]: 127, 312 g) reduction in hand-grip strength per 60 kg of body weight and a 5% risk (95% CI: 2, 7) of reduced balance ability. The estimated effect of each 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 on hand-grip strength and balance ability was equivalent to the effect of aging [1.12 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.48) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.50) years, respectively]. Conclusions PM2.5 may be differentially associated with various dimensions of physical functioning. Improving air quality can prevent physical disability.


Author(s):  
Gerlane Cristinne Bertino Véras ◽  
José Ferreira Lima Júnior ◽  
Estelita Lima Cândido ◽  
Evanira Rodrigues Maia

ABSTRACT Background The main consequence of leprosy is physical disability. Objective To identify risk factors of physical disabilities due to leprosy. Method Case-control study carried out at the Notifiable Diseases Information System – Leprosy in the 9th Regional Health District of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, between 2001 and 2014. Cases were individuals who presented degree of physical disability 1 or 2 at diagnosis or discharge; and controls included individuals with degree of physical disability 0 also at diagnosis and discharge. A 1:1 (case:control) proportion was used. Data were analyzed using the Epi Info and BioEstat software packages. Results The following cases and controls (428 each) at risk for physical disability were analyzed: aged ≥15 years (96.5%, OR=0.33, p<0.01), males (59.3%, OR=1.82, p<0.01), low education level (70.4%, OR=2.66, p<0.01), multibacillary classification (72.9%, OR=9.29; p< 0.01), number of lesions ≥5 (34.3%, OR=0.18, p<0.01), and number of nerves affected ≥1 (12.6%, OR=0.05; p<0.01). Late diagnosis, missing/inadequately filled data, absence/non-registration of dermato-neurological evaluation, and low control of contacts were observed. Conclusion The need for active surveillance and early detection of leprosy cases and contacts is highlighted.


YMER Digital ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Dr. Ejaz Qureshi ◽  
◽  
Md. Saad Siddiqui ◽  
Dr. Preeti Sharma ◽  
◽  
...  

Begging, a social scourge, has become a relatively common profession in India. As for as Pune city is a concern there are several beggars. These beggars are at the age of minority to adult age. The majority of the beggars are physically disabled and this physical disability is the most common reason to beg. Through the present study an attempt has been made to focus on the types of physical disability of beggars, reasons for getting into the begging profession, daily earing of beggars in Pune city and the relation between physical disabilities with respect to daily earning of baggers.


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