Women’s Organizations and Peace Initiatives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aili Mari Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Women Activists ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Movements ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Successes And Challenges

Women’s peace movements in the post–Cold War era frequently share three common characteristics: a grassroots and local focus due to exclusion from formal peace negotiations; an early and sustained commitment to bridging differences between factions; and the use of international and regional pressures to create success on the local level. This chapter reviews each of these characteristics through case studies. Examples from Sri Lanka, Somalia, and Nepal illustrate the successes and challenges of grassroots or local peace movements led by women. Peace processes in Burundi, led by women activists, exemplify a commitment to unity across ethnic lines. The chapter concludes with examples from Liberia and Sierra Leone, demonstrating the efficacy of international and regional organizations supporting local peace movements.

scholarly journals In the Streets and at the Table: Civil Society Coordination during Peace Negotiations

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desirée Nilsson ◽  
Isak Svensson ◽  
Barbara Magalhães Teixeira ◽  
Luís Martínez Lorenzo ◽  
Anton Ruus
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Research Gap

Abstract When bringing armed conflicts to a peaceful end, the inclusion of civil society in peacemaking is a vital task. However, whereas previous research on civil society inclusion has made significant advancements, surprisingly little attention has been paid to analyzing how civil resistance and mass action may interact with more elite-driven approaches during peace processes. This study addresses this research gap by examining the interplay between elite and mass-based civil society approaches in three different peace processes in civil wars in Africa in the post-Cold War period: Liberia, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Burundi. We advance the literature by developing a framework that focuses on coordination of these different efforts and we explore this interplay empirically. With this study, we aim to broaden the research agenda, allowing for future synergies at the research frontier of mass action and the inclusion of civil society in peace processes.

Peace Processes in Northern Ireland and Turkey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Aytaç Kadioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Resolution Processes ◽  
The Impact

This book assesses the impact of political, non-violent resolution efforts in the Northern Irish and Turkish-Kurdish peace processes. It offers an important contribution to conflict-resolution research, theorising the various stages involved in the attempted resolution of asymmetric conflicts. By relying on primary sources, including interviews and recently declassified archival papers, it presents an innovative framework for conflict resolution, a starting-point for further research on managing peace processes and ethno-nationalist conflicts. This book challenges the notion of ‘conflict resolution’ in these two peace processes, both far-reaching ethno-nationalist conflicts in the post-Cold War era. Incorporating fieldwork carried out until 2015, the book compares these conflicts during major peace attempts, from early secret talks and semi-official peace initiatives, to multilateral and internationalised conflict-resolution processes through not only main armed protagonists, but also independent third parties. It analyses the political resolution efforts for ending the IRA and PKK’s armed campaigns and establishing a peace agreement. It argues that peace initiatives are ongoing processes which contain not only formal peace initiatives, but also informal and secret peace efforts. It suggests that formal and informal initiatives together embody conflict resolution processes through three major aspects: backchannel communications as the unofficial aspect, peace organisations as the informal and semi-official aspect, and negotiations as the official aspect of conflict resolution efforts, which operate at the elite level of conflict resolution.

A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVER P. RICHMOND
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Liberal Peace ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
Hybrid Forms

AbstractThe ‘liberal peace’ is undergoing a crisis of legitimacy at the level of the everyday in post-conflict environments. In many such environments; different groups often locally constituted perceive it to be ethically bankrupt, subject to double standards, coercive and conditional, acultural, unconcerned with social welfare, and unfeeling and insensitive towards its subjects. It is tied to Western and liberal conceptions of the state, to institutions, and not to the local. Its post-Cold War moral capital, based upon its more emancipatory rather than conservative claims, has been squandered as a result, and its basic goal of a liberal social contract undermined. Certainly, since 9/11, attention has been diverted into other areas and many, perhaps promising peace processes have regressed. This has diverted attention away from a search for refinements, alternatives, for hybrid forms of peace, or for empathetic strategies through which the liberal blueprint for peace might coexist with alternatives. Yet from these strategies a post-liberal peace might emerge via critical research agendas for peacebuilding and for policymaking, termed here, eirenist. This opens up a discussion of an everyday ‘post-liberal peace’ and critical policies for peacebuilding.

scholarly journals After International Law: Anthropology Beyond the “Age of Human Rights”

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 289-293
Author(s):  
Mark Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
The Cold War

This essay examines the ways in which anthropologists have tracked the rise and fall of international law after the end of the Cold War. It argues that anthropological research has made important contributions to the wider understanding of international law as a mechanism for social and political change, a framework for protecting vulnerable populations, and a language through which collective identities can be expressed and valorized. Yet, over time, international law has lost many of these expansive functions, a shift that anthropologists have also studied, although with greater reluctance and difficulty. The essay explains the ways in which particular categories of international law, such as human rights and international criminal justice, grew dramatically in importance and power during the 1990s and early 2000s, a shift whose complexities anthropologists studied at the local level. As the essay also explains, anthropological research began to detect a weakening in human rights implementation and respect for international legal norms, a countervailing shift that has broader implications for the possibilities for international cooperation and the resolution of conflicts, among others. At the same time, the retreat of international law from its highpoint in the early post-Cold War years has given way to the reemergence of non-legal strategies for advancing change and accounting for past injustices, including strategies based on social confrontation, moral shaming, and even violence.

Regional Organizations

2018 ◽  
pp. 312-331
Author(s):  
Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
African Union ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Regional Partnership ◽  
The Cold War

The UN Charter provides a prominent role for ‘regional agencies or arrangements’ under Chapters VI and VIII. While regional actors played a limited role during the Cold War, the post-Cold War period has witnessed the regionalization of peace operations. Today regional organizations, particularly the African Union, play an equal if not more prominent role on the ground than the UN in peace operations. While the involvement of regional organizations offers several benefits to the overstretched UN, it also carries significant risks. Moreover, unless several proposed reforms are implemented, the effectiveness of UN-regional ‘partnership peacekeeping,’ or hybrid operations, is likely to remain impaired.

Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 41 The Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina—1992–95

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klein Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This contribution gives an account of the actions undertaken under the auspices of the United Nations in order to restore peace and security in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995, in the context of the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. It describes the measures taken by the UN Security Council, the mandate and deployment of UNPROFOR —the UN peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina— and the actions undertaken in support thereto by other organizations such as NATO and the Western European Union. This chapter also discusses the legal issues that gave rise to discussion in that context (particularly regarding the extent of the authorization to use force given by the Security Council and the degree of control exercised —or not— thereon) and the impact of this precedent on the rules relating to the use of force in self-defence, on the one hand, and on the use of coercive measures under Chapter VII of the Charter in co-operation with regional organizations or arrangements, on the other.

scholarly journals Negotiating Sacred Grounds? Resolving Islamist Armed Conflicts

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388
Author(s):  
Mimmi Söderberg Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Global Agenda

Abstract Under what conditions can Islamist armed conflicts be resolved through peace negotiations? Armed conflicts involving Islamist groups have emerged as one of the most pressing challenges on the global agenda for peace and security. But the track record of conflict resolution in these settings is not encouraging. While armed conflicts have generally decreased in the post-Cold War period, as many prolonged civil wars were resolved through negotiated settlements, this has not been true to the same extent for this sub-category of conflicts. Yet, we know surprisingly little about why this is the case. The purpose of this thematic issue is to address this gap. Each contributor tackles a different angle of the overarching research problem.

scholarly journals Guerra y paz al sur del Sahara. Nuevos abordajes conceptuales, frente a un escenario cambiante

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 308-330
Author(s):  
Diego Buffa ◽  
María José Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Sub Saharan

En este artículo nos proponemos presentar nuevas corrientes y abordajes conceptuales, que nos permitan comprender problemáticas capitales del África subsahariana, como lo son los conflictos intra-estatales, las emergencias políticas complejas, el intervencionismo humanitario y los procesos de paz, gestados durantela Posguerra Fría; portadores de inéditas lógicas y parámetros rectores. Palabras Claves: conflictos, procesos de paz, África subsahariana.War and Peace South of the Sahara. New Conceptual Approaches,  Facing a Changing ScenarioAbstractIn this paper we present new trends  and conceptual approaches that will help us to understand some capital issues for Sub-Saharan Africa, such as the intra-state conflicts, complex political emergencies, humanitarian interventionism and peace processes, that were gestated during the Post-cold War and with its own original logics and guiding parameters.Keywords: conflicts, peace processes, Sub-Saharan Africa.

United Nations, Peacekeeping Operations, and Peacebuilding Framework: A Critical Analysis of ‘Security- Development’ Nexus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Development Paradigm

The security-development nexus has become one of the most important agendas especially in the field of peacebuilding in response to urgent needs in complex humanitarian assistance in war-torn areas. With the changing dynamics of conflict since the end of the Cold War, recent peacebuilding efforts have employed a combination of security and development paradigm to ameliorate severe human rights situations in different contexts. In particular, the functionality of security-development nexus has been well observed in post-conflict scenarios where broader state-building, institutional, security, and governance-related reforms were implemented to ensure sustainable peace processes. In addition, it has been criticized in terms of the imposed liberal values. This article critically analyzes the security-development nexus and attempts to examine how and why the nexus has become essential to the post-Cold War peacebuilding framework. It further elucidates the role of the United Nations (UN) as the leading actor in peacebuilding operations, especially in the form of UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) which have played a significant role in establishing and consolidating peace in various conflict-ridden societies.

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