Peace Processes in Northern Ireland and Turkey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Aytaç Kadioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Resolution Processes ◽  
The Impact

This book assesses the impact of political, non-violent resolution efforts in the Northern Irish and Turkish-Kurdish peace processes. It offers an important contribution to conflict-resolution research, theorising the various stages involved in the attempted resolution of asymmetric conflicts. By relying on primary sources, including interviews and recently declassified archival papers, it presents an innovative framework for conflict resolution, a starting-point for further research on managing peace processes and ethno-nationalist conflicts. This book challenges the notion of ‘conflict resolution’ in these two peace processes, both far-reaching ethno-nationalist conflicts in the post-Cold War era. Incorporating fieldwork carried out until 2015, the book compares these conflicts during major peace attempts, from early secret talks and semi-official peace initiatives, to multilateral and internationalised conflict-resolution processes through not only main armed protagonists, but also independent third parties. It analyses the political resolution efforts for ending the IRA and PKK’s armed campaigns and establishing a peace agreement. It argues that peace initiatives are ongoing processes which contain not only formal peace initiatives, but also informal and secret peace efforts. It suggests that formal and informal initiatives together embody conflict resolution processes through three major aspects: backchannel communications as the unofficial aspect, peace organisations as the informal and semi-official aspect, and negotiations as the official aspect of conflict resolution efforts, which operate at the elite level of conflict resolution.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
İ. Aytaç Kadıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Republican Movement ◽  
War Experience ◽  
Resolution Processes

The closing chapter concludes the book by summarising the findings of the analysis into forty years of peacemaking and war experience in Northern Ireland and Turkey, and how these might be applied to other ethno-nationalist conflicts in which similar peace processes have been instituted. This chapter discusses the implications of the policies applied in the two specified conflicts for conflict resolution theory more broadly and lays out a framework for further research in the field. It argues that there is a complementarity between three major aspects of conflict resolution processes: backchannel communications, as the unofficial aspect; peace organisations, as the informal and semi-official aspect; and official negotiations, as the official aspect. The conflict resolution processes in these two cases encouraged the conflicting sides to consider talks and to enter into a negotiation process at the pre-negotiation stage. The processes then intended to reach a peace agreement during the negotiation stage. This book has suggested that a peace agreement requires mediation by an independent third party: between the British government and their adversaries, the IRA and the republican movement, in one case, and the Turkish government and their adversaries, the PKK and pro-Kurdish movement in the other.

Women’s Organizations and Peace Initiatives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aili Mari Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Women Activists ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Movements ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Successes And Challenges

Women’s peace movements in the post–Cold War era frequently share three common characteristics: a grassroots and local focus due to exclusion from formal peace negotiations; an early and sustained commitment to bridging differences between factions; and the use of international and regional pressures to create success on the local level. This chapter reviews each of these characteristics through case studies. Examples from Sri Lanka, Somalia, and Nepal illustrate the successes and challenges of grassroots or local peace movements led by women. Peace processes in Burundi, led by women activists, exemplify a commitment to unity across ethnic lines. The chapter concludes with examples from Liberia and Sierra Leone, demonstrating the efficacy of international and regional organizations supporting local peace movements.

scholarly journals The Connection Between Culture And Organizational Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Treven
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Communication Conflict ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents various approaches to studying cultures of different countries. The starting point is the Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values as well as Hall's approach to high- and low- context cultures and Trompenaars model of cultural differences. After that the interaction between culture and organizational behaviuor is discussed. A special attention to the impact of culture on motivation of employees, communication, conflict resolution and organizational changes is given.

Peace and Conflict Resolution Organisations: Catalysts for Peace?

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-182
Author(s):  
İ. Aytaç Kadıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Public Events ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Peace And Conflict Resolution ◽  
Political Decisions

This chapter investigates unofficial peace initiatives that were undertaken from the early stages of both conflicts by peace and conflict resolution organisations. The existing literature has long recognised the influence of these groups at the community level, especially in the area of reconciliation. However, the impact of these track-two initiatives on the elite level of conflict resolution has been neglected particularly in situations where they may push political elites towards political reforms and a non-violent resolution, as well as forwarding the demands of conflicting communities to decision makers. This chapter intends to reveal the P/CROs’ contribution to peace processes in this broader sense by comparing the relevant groups in Northern Ireland and Turkey. Regarding middle-range efforts, P/CROs aim to close the gap between the elite and grassroots levels through public events, conferences and marches, which helps to include a war-affected society’s demand for political decisions and the promotion of political resolution attempts. Regarding elite-level efforts, they play a role in political decisions thanks to their personal contacts with political elites. It assesses whether these groups have reduced the tension in the society and have encouraged political efforts in Northern Ireland and Turkey.

Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Confronting Exclusion

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Kew ◽  
Anthony Wanis-St. John
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Civil Society Participation

AbstractThe fact that civil society groups play important roles in post-conflict peacebuilding has entered the mainstream of international conflict resolution dogma. Rarely do local civil society groups get a seat at the negotiation table for peace accords. Although the exclusion of civil society from peace negotiations may streamline the process, the absence of civil society voices and interests at the negotiating table can negatively impact the sustainability of a peace agreement during peacebuilding. Surveying a wide variety of different peace processes, a strong correlation was found between active civil society participation in peace negotiations and the durability of peace during the peacebuilding phase. Cases in which civil society groups actively engaged in peace negotiations seemed to enjoy more sustained peace in the peacebuilding phase. This holds true also for cases in which civil society groups did not have a direct seat at the table, but did exercise significant influence with the negotiators because they were democratic actors. War resumed in many cases not characterized by direct or indirect civil society involvement in the peace negotiations. No claim of causality is made; the sustainability of peace surely rests on causes as complex and dynamic as the initiation of war does. However, these findings do call attention to the need for further research to understand the special impact that civil society inclusion at the peace table may have.

Women’s Participation in Informal Peace Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-98
Author(s):  
Anjali Kaushlesh Dayal ◽  
Agathe Christien
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Rights Issues

Abstract Women’s greater presence in informal peace processes is often noted in works on peace processes, but there has been little systematic evidence about this involvement. This article is the first systematic study of women’s participation in informal peace processes. We find that women are a significant presence in civil society efforts to forge peace outside formal negotiation rooms: nearly three-fourths of identifiable informal peace processes have clear evidence of involvement from women’s groups. This research indicates that women advocate to be included in formal peace processes, work to legitimate formal negotiations and organize for peace, advocate for the inclusion of women’s rights issues in the final peace agreement, provide information on human rights violations to participants in the formal peace process, engage in local conflict resolution, and advocate as partisans for one or another side in the conflict.

scholarly journals Political leadership for peace processes: Juan Manuel Santos – Between hawk and dove

Leadership ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 174271502095122
Author(s):  
Juliana Tappe Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Conflict Negotiation ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Peace Negotiation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negotiation Literature

Many studies have explored Colombia’s peace process with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – guerrilla group (2012–2016). Conflict negotiation literature indicates that the impact of leadership is particularly relevant to peace processes as leaders have to find a balance between war and peace. Still, little is known about the political leaders in charge. This study deals with the development of a political leader’s leadership in peace initiatives. It uses an in-depth case study of Colombia’s former President Juan Manuel Santos combining leadership and conflict negotiation literature to trace back the origins of his leadership. Santos, a controversial figure, represented a policy of reconciliation to negotiate with the opponents while also appearing tough in order to maintain his political base. Between hawk and dove, he initiated and signed the peace negotiation and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016. I adopt a personal biography approach using biographical data to explore the origins of Santos’ beliefs and values, his competence and skills and the way others perceived him. Linking this leadership-centred argument with findings from the conflict negotiation suggests that a pragmatic and reconciliation-oriented leadership might be relevant to find solutions to protracted conflicts like the one in Colombia. Most importantly, it contributes to a significant claim: Leaders have at least some level of choice and their biographical factors are relevant for political outcomes.

Backchannel Communications: Talking to the Enemy Behind the Scenes

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-148
Author(s):  
İ. Aytaç Kadıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channels ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Government ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Secret Communication ◽  
The One ◽  
Turkish Case ◽  
Resolution Processes

The nature of political, non-violent peace efforts resulted in over-motivation on official negotiations between conflicting parties and so caused an intention to limit peace processes with these negotiations only. This chapter includes secret communication channels into conflict resolution processes as the pre-negotiation stage and so draws a broader framework for peacemaking. The influence of these track one-and-a-half efforts between the principle armed protagonists, namely the British and Turkish governments on the one hand, the IRA and PKK on the other, are the focus of the research. The chapter reveals that while the pre-negotiation stage began during the early 1970s and lasted until the early 1990s when the Northern Irish parties and British government commenced official negotiations, it was between the 1980s and early 2010s in the Turkish case. It investigates backchannel communications in twofold: (1) Direct talks which bring representatives of disputing parties together in a secret location, (2) indirect communications which are achieved through communication chains built by one or more chains. It is rounded off with a comparison of the two cases regarding the role of these factors in de-escalating the conflict or obstructing peacemaking attempts.

scholarly journals Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272095806
Author(s):  
Allard Duursma ◽  
Feike Fliervoet
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Rebel Group ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complicate peace by increasing the risk of rebel fragmentation. In this article, we argue that negotiations exacerbate pre-existing structural and substantial divisions within rebel organizations, therefore increasing the likelihood of a rebel split. More specifically, we put forward a theoretical framework that specifies why factions within a rebel group may disagree with the onset of negotiations, the conclusion of a peace agreement, or the implementation of an agreement—and thus break away during the peace process. We empirically assess the merit of this framework by systematically comparing the impact of these phases in a peace process on the fragmentation of rebel organizations. Using data that more accurately reflect the moment a rebel split takes place than earlier studies, we find that peace processes have a greater substantial impact on rebel fragmentation than previously assumed.

Liszt at the Piano: The Impact of Iconography on mid-Nineteenth Century Musicology

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Suzanne Marie Francis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Music History ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
The Impact

By the time of his death in 1827, the image of Beethoven as we recognise him today was firmly fixed in the minds of his contemporaries, and the career of Liszt was beginning to flower into that of the virtuosic performer he would be recognised as by the end of the 1830s. By analysing the seminal artwork Liszt at the Piano of 1840 by Josef Danhauser, we can see how a seemingly unremarkable head-and-shoulders bust of Beethoven in fact holds the key to unlocking the layers of commentary on both Liszt and Beethoven beneath the surface of the image. Taking the analysis by Alessandra Comini as a starting point, this paper will look deeper into the subtle connections discernible between the protagonists of the picture. These reveal how the collective identities of the artist and his painted assembly contribute directly to Beethoven’s already iconic status within music history around 1840 and reflect the reception of Liszt at this time. Set against the background of Romanticism predominant in the social and cultural contexts of the mid 1800s, it becomes apparent that it is no longer enough to look at a picture of a composer or performer in isolation to understand its impact on the construction of an overall identity. Each image must be viewed in relation to those that preceded and came after it to gain the maximum benefit from what it can tell us.

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