scholarly journals Auditory-Based Cognitive Training Drives Short- and Long-Term Plasticity in Cortical Networks in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Koshiyama ◽  
Makoto Miyakoshi ◽  
Michael L Thomas ◽  
Yash B Joshi ◽  
Juan L Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right

Abstract Schizophrenia patients have widespread deficits in neurocognitive functioning linked to underlying abnormalities in gamma oscillations that are readily measured by the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Emerging interventions such as auditory-based targeted cognitive training (TCT) improve neurocognitive function in patients. While acute ASSR changes after 1 hour of TCT predict clinical and cognitive gains after a 30-hour course of TCT, the neural substrates of underlying short- and long-term TCT interventions are unknown. To determine the neural substrates underlying TCT-associated ASSR changes, a novel data analysis method was applied to assess the effective connectivity of gamma-band ASSR among estimated cortical sources. In this study, schizophrenia patients (N = 52) were randomized to receive either a treatment as usual (TAU; N = 22) or TAU augmented with TCT (N = 30). EEG recordings were obtained immediately before (T0) and after 1 hour of either computer games (TAU) or cognitive training (TCT; T1), and at 65 ± 15 days (mean ± SD) post-randomization (T2). Results showed increased connectivity from the left ventral middle cingulate gyrus to the left posterior cingulate gyrus, accompanied by decreased connectivity from the left Rolandic operculum (a region that includes auditory cortex) to the right ventral middle cingulate gyrus after 1 hour of TCT. After 30 hours, decreased connectivity from the frontal cortex to a region near the calcarine sulcus were detected. Auditory-based cognitive training drives short- and long-term plasticity in cortical network functioning in schizophrenia patients. These findings may help us understand the mechanisms underlying cognitive training effects in schizophrenia patients and enhance the development of pro-cognitive therapeutics.

Assessment of morbidity following resection of cingulate gyrus gliomas

2011 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Tate ◽  
Chae-Yong Kim ◽  
Edward F. Chang ◽  
Mei-Yin Polley ◽  
Mitchel S. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Surgical Morbidity ◽  
Sma Syndrome ◽  
Entire Patient Cohort ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Operative Notes

Object The morbidity associated with resection of tumors in the cingulate gyrus (CG) is not well established. The goal of the present study is to define the short- and long-term morbidity profile associated with resection of gliomas within this region. Methods Ninety consecutive patients with gliomas involving the CG were analyzed. Resections were classified by zones corresponding to functionally defined regions of the CG as follows: Zone I (perigenual, anterior), Zone II (midcingulate), Zone III (posterior), and Zone IV (retrosplenial). Basic demographic, imaging, operative details, and pre- and postoperative neurological examinations were recorded for each patient. Patients in whom neurological morbidity was documented during their initial postoperative examination who did not completely improve by the 6-month follow-up examination were considered to have a permanent deficit. For each patient with surgery-related morbidity, postoperative MR imaging and operative notes were reviewed, and the cortical regions incorporated in the surgical trajectory were recorded. The analysis was carried out for tumors confined to the CG (> 90% of tumor contained within the CG) as well as those involving the CG but extending into adjacent cortical structures. Results Analysis of the entire patient cohort demonstrated that 29% of patients experienced a new or worsened neurological deficit immediately after surgery. The most common deficits were supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome (20%), weakness (6%), and sensory changes (2%). All patients with an SMA syndrome in our series had intentional resection of SMA as part of the surgical approach. Patients with resections including Zone II or III had a higher rate of total morbidity and SMA syndrome than patients with Zone I resections (p < 0.05). Only 4% of patients had a persistent neurological deficit at 6 months postoperatively. A similar morbidity profile was observed in the subset analysis of patients with tumors confined to the CG, with no additional morbidity related to known cingulate-specific functions. Conclusions Resection of gliomas involving the CG can be performed with minimal, predictable long-term morbidity (< 5%). Surgical morbidity is primarily a function of surgical trajectory rather than the particular cingulate region resected.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of 73 cases of elastofibroma

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
R Haihua ◽  
W Xiaobing ◽  
P Jie ◽  
H Xinxin
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumour ◽  
Tissue Tumour ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right

Objective Elastofibroma is a rare soft-tissue tumour. This study retrospectively analysed and summarised the clinical, imaging and typical pathological features, together with the short- and long-term surgical outcomes of patients with pathologically confirmed soft-tissue elastofibroma to improve their management. Materials and methods We enrolled 73 patients with pathologically confirmed soft-tissue elastofibroma from January 2010 to December 2018. The general, clinical, diagnostic and treatment-related data, operation notes, pathological examination results and follow-up status were obtained by reviewing inpatient medical records. Disease onset age, sex, tumour location and size were statistically analysed using the chi square and rank sum tests. Results A total of 90 lesions from 73 patients were examined. Among these, 56 patients had single lesions: 27 were under the right scapula, 26 were under the left scapula, 1 at the umbilicus, 1 on the aortic valve, 1 on the right hip and 17 at the bilateral inferior angles of the scapula. The average age at onset was 56.4 years (range: 6–82 years). The male-to-female incidence ratio was about one to three. Tumour diameter and follow-up duration ranged from 2cm to 12cm and from one month to nine years, respectively; recurrence was not observed. The main postoperative complication was wound effusion, occurring in 24 sites among the 90 lesions, corresponding to an incidence rate of 26.7%. Conclusions A correct diagnosis of elastofibroma can be made prior to surgical resection by examining typical clinical features and characteristic imaging findings. Short- and long-term outcomes of local excision are good, with no further recurrence.

scholarly journals Lateralization of short- and long-term visual memories in an insect

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1926) ◽  
pp. 20200677 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sofia David Fernandes ◽  
Jeremy E. Niven
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Wood Ants ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
The Right

The formation of memories within the vertebrate brain is lateralized between hemispheres across multiple modalities. However, in invertebrates evidence for lateralization is restricted to olfactory memories, primarily from social bees. Here, we use a classical conditioning paradigm with a visual conditioned stimulus to show that visual memories are lateralized in the wood ant, Formica rufa . We show that a brief contact between a sugar reward and either the right or left antenna (reinforcement) is sufficient to produce a lateralized memory, even though the visual cue is visible to both eyes throughout training and testing. Reinforcement given to the right antenna induced short-term memories, whereas reinforcement given to the left antenna induced long-term memories. Thus, short- and long-term visual memories are lateralized in wood ants. This extends the modalities across which memories are lateralized in insects and suggests that such memory lateralization may have evolved multiple times, possibly linked to the evolution of eusociality in the Hymenoptera.

scholarly journals Impact of Armed Conflicts on Education and Educational Agents: A Multivocal Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Cervantes-Duarte ◽  
Antonio Fernández-Cano
Keyword(s):  
Academic Community ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right

This paper investigates the short and long-term pernicious impact of armed conflicts on education and educational agents (students, teachers and students’ parents), using a multivocal review by means of the integration and qualitative analysis of 60 research reports (voices) found in two databases: Web of Science and PROQUEST in the period between 1995 –date of the first founding paper- until 2014. Through the analysis of source data (voices) and taking the “multivocal review” as a method, the voices have been combined in nine categories, namely: a) Refusal and impediments to a return to education; b) Educational infrastructure damaged or destroyed; c) Cuts in or withdrawal of spending on education; d) Loss of the educational and protective functions of the family; e) Loss of the academic community; f) Non-qualified teaching staff; g) Drastic loss of skills; h) Abandoning school (population movements, destruction of networks and social environment); i) Behavioural problems: traumas, pedagogical roles and self-victimization. These categories have highlighted the serious consequences arising from conflicts, infringing as they do the most basic human rights and in particular the right to a sound education during childhood.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (25) ◽  
pp. 10081-10086 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Jaeggi ◽  
M. Buschkuehl ◽  
J. Jonides ◽  
P. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Short And Long Term

Dynamically Managing a Profitable Email Marketing Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi (Alan) Zhang ◽  
V. Kumar ◽  
Koray Cosguner
Keyword(s):  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Email Marketing ◽  
Home Improvement ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right ◽  
Purchase Behaviors

Although email marketing is highly profitable and widely used by marketers, it has received limited attention in the marketing literature. Extant research has focused on either customers’ email responses or the “average” effect of emails on purchases. In this article, the authors use data from a U.S. home improvement retailer to study customers’ email open and purchase behaviors by using a unified hidden Markov and copula framework. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the authors find that email-active customers are not necessarily active in purchases, and vice versa. Furthermore, the number of emails sent by the retailer has a nonlinear effect on both the retailer's short- and long-term profitability. Through a counterfactual study, the authors provide a decision support system to guide retailers in making optimal email contact decisions. This study shows that sending the right number of emails is vital for long-term profitability. For example, sending four (ten) emails instead of the optimal number of seven emails can cause the retailer to lose 32% (16%) of its lifetime profit per customer.

Short- and long-term results of radial artery and saphenous vein grafts in the right coronary system: a propensity-matched study

Surgery Today ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Yoshida ◽  
Satoshi Numata ◽  
Yasushi Tsutsumi ◽  
Osamu Monta ◽  
Sachiko Yamazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Artery ◽  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Vein Grafts ◽  
Saphenous Vein Grafts ◽  
System A ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right ◽  
Matched Study

scholarly journals Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arifur Rahman ◽  
Md Lutfar Rahman ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Saha ◽  
ASM Shariful Islam ◽  
Mezanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Sinus ◽  
Sinus Of Valsalva ◽  
Sinus Of Valsalva Aneurysm ◽  
Aortic Media ◽  
Surgical Options ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Right

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysms are extremely rare cardiac anomalies.The sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) is a small dilatation caused by a separation between the aortic media and annulus fibrosus. Its may be either acquired or congenital. The right coronary sinus is most frequently affected. The most common complication being rupture.We present the case of a 12-year old girl with ruptured non-coronary sinus of valsalva aneurysm associated with ventricular septal defect , mitral regurgitation grade II and severe pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is sufficient to diagnose SVA, its complications, repercussions, and surgical options. SVA, even if asymptomatic, has potential risks of expansion,rupture, cardiac failure, endocarditis, embolism and sudden death. This justifies surgical correction, with a low mortality rate in both the short- and long-term. KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-4, January 2020, Page 211-213

scholarly journals Transection of the ventral hippocampal commissure impairs spatial reference but not contextual or spatial working memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Jake T. Jordan ◽  
Yi Tong ◽  
Carolyn L. Pytte
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Substrate Stability ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Plasticity is a neural phenomenon in which experience induces long-lasting changes to neuronal circuits and is at the center of most neurobiological theories of learning and memory. However, too much plasticity is maladaptive and must be balanced with substrate stability. Area CA3 of the hippocampus provides such a balance via hemispheric lateralization, with the left hemisphere dominant in providing plasticity and the right specialized for stability. Left and right CA3 project bilaterally to CA1; however, it is not known whether this downstream merging of lateralized plasticity and stability is functional. We hypothesized that interhemispheric convergence of input from these pathways is essential for integrating spatial memory stored in the left CA3 with navigational working memory facilitated by the right CA3. To test this, we severed interhemispheric connections between the left and right hippocampi in mice and assessed learning and memory. Despite damage to this major hippocampal fiber tract, hippocampus-dependent navigational working memory and short- and long-term memory were both spared. However, tasks that required the integration of information retrieved from memory with ongoing navigational working memory and navigation were impaired. We propose that one function of interhemispheric communication in the mouse hippocampus is to integrate lateralized processing of plastic and stable circuits to facilitate memory-guided spatial navigation.

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