1100 Self-Monitoring Of PVT Performance In Healthy Adults And Individuals With MDD

Abstract Introduction Negativity bias in depression has been repeatedly demonstrated in the judgment and decision-making literature. Research investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on self-evaluation of performance in healthy or depressed populations is limited. We examined 1) whether individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) exhibit a negativity bias in subjective ratings of performance on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) as compared with healthy adults, and 2) the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on these ratings. Methods N=33 individuals with MDD and n=9 healthy adults completed a 5-day study protocol including two baseline nights (B1-B2, 9h TIB), 36 hours of TSD, and one night of recovery sleep opportunity (Rec). The PVT was administered every 2-4 hours. A brief questionnaire was administered immediately prior to (PRE) and following (POST) the PVT, asking participants to estimate their average reaction time (RT) using a 9-point Likert-type scale. Mixed-effects models examined the impact of group (MDD, Control), protocol day (B1, B2, SD, Rec), and their interaction on objective PVT performance (mean RT) and subjective performance estimates (PRE and POST ratings). Results Mean RT was significantly slower during TSD (p<0.001) for all participants. Individuals with MDD and healthy adults did not differ in objective PVT performance (p=0.25) across days. There was no significant interaction between group and protocol day (p=0.96). Both groups predicted slower RTs during TSD as compared with baseline or recovery days (PRE-PVT, p=0.006). Individuals with MDD anticipated slower RTs as compared with healthy adults (p=0.001). On POST-PVT estimates, all participants reported subjective poorer performance during TSD (p<0.008). Individuals with MDD reported slower RTs as compared with healthy adults (p=0.002). Interaction effects between group and protocol day on PRE- and POST- performance ratings were not significant. Conclusion This project is the first to investigate subjective estimates of PVT performance in healthy and depressed individuals. Individuals with MDD subjectively reported slower response times as compared with control participants, despite similar objective performance. Depressive symptoms may be a potential confounder of subjective, but not objective, PVT performance. Support 5R01MH107571

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0310 Oculometrics Track Performance on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task During Acute Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A117-A117

Author(s):

N H Feick ◽

T L Tyson ◽

L Arsintescu ◽

P F Cravalho ◽

L S Stone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Open Loop ◽

Distinct Pattern ◽

Motion Processing ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽

Directional Motion ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment impairs human sensorimotor performance and reduces vigilant attention, which increases the potential for errors in occupations that require 24-hour operations. The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is the gold-standard measure for evaluating the impact of sleepiness on performance, however, it is not practical to administer in many operational environments, because it only provides a snapshot of performance and requires an individual to focus on the task for several minutes, multiple times over a work shift. As a result, passive, continuous monitoring of sleepiness is desirable for operational environments. The goal of the present study was to determine if complex oculomotor behavioral metrics track PVT performance during sleep deprivation. Methods Twelve healthy adults (mean age 24.8 ± 5.4 years; 6F) maintained a fixed schedule with 8.5 hours in bed for two weeks, during which they abstained from caffeine, alcohol, and other medications, followed by a ~24 hours constant routine laboratory stay. Participants completed the PVT and a radial step-ramp ocular tracking task hourly throughout the study. Twelve oculometrics were derived from smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements collected through video-oculography and were compared to the PVT and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) using linear regression and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Nine oculometrics spanning pursuit, saccade, and directional motion processing performance correlated with the PVT and KSS (p < 0.05), including: (a) pursuit latency; (b) open-loop pursuit acceleration; (c) proportion smooth; (d) steady-state pursuit gain; (e) saccadic amplitude; (f) saccadic dispersion; (g) saccadic rate; (h) direction asymmetry; and (i) direction noise. Conclusion The oculometrics that we examined exhibited a distinct pattern that tracked PVT performance. Future studies should examine whether these metrics can be extracted through passive monitoring techniques. Support None

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041 Alteration of Threat-Related Information Processing During Extended Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A18-A18

Author(s):

Sara Alger ◽

John Hughes ◽

Thomas Balkin ◽

Tracy Jill Doty

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Negative Mood ◽

Multiple Time ◽

High Expectation ◽

Medicine Research ◽

Related Information ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Threat Processing ◽

Fearful Face ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Threat-related information is preferentially processed, facilitating quick and efficient responses. However, the impact of extended sleep deprivation on perception of and response to threatening information is not well known. Sleep loss may increase amygdalar activity and negative mood, potentially facilitating threat processing. However, it also reduces cognitive function, possibly impairing ability to respond. The present study assessed the extent to which extended sleep deprivation modulates threat processing using a threat expectation paradigm. Methods Twenty-one participants underwent one baseline night of sleep followed by 62hrs total sleep deprivation (TSD) and one recovery night of sleep (12hrs). Threat expectation task performance was assessed at baseline, at multiple time points during TSD, and following recovery sleep. To control for circadian influence, performance at three 1100 sessions (baseline, 52hrs into TSD, and recovery) were compared. The threat expectation task involved determining whether a presented face was fearful (i.e., signaled threat) or neutral. Faces were presented at three expectation levels: 80%, 50%, and 20% chance of viewing a fearful face. Results Overall, responses were faster (F=9.77, p=0.001) and more accurate (F=11.48, p=0.001) when the type of face (fearful or neutral) was expected. Accuracy significantly decreased over TSD (t=7.71, p<0.001) and recovered following subsequent sleep. Fear bias was calculated for accuracy (accuracy for fearful face minus neutral face). Under conditions of high expectation (80%) of viewing a fearful face, fear bias increased across TSD (t=-1.95, p=0.07). Although accuracy to both fearful and neutral faces significantly declined across TSD (both p<0.001), decline for neutral faces was greater, thus increasing fear bias. Importantly, the increased bias toward fear was still evident compared to baseline following a 12-hour recovery sleep opportunity, (t=-1.93, p=0.07). Conclusion Extended sleep deprivation, common in operational environments where there is also high expectation of encountering threat, impairs cognitive control and is thought to enhance amygdala activity. These data show that, consequently, cognitive resources become biased toward biologically adaptive behaviors (i.e., threat processing) at the expense of attending and responding more broadly to all stimuli. This behavior is not reversed with a single extended sleep opportunity. Support (if any) Department of Defense Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP)

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0311 The Impairments in Emotional Perception Following Total Sleep Deprivation and the Restorative Effects of Napping and Time of Day

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A117-A117

Author(s):

T J Cunningham ◽

R M Bottary ◽

E A Kensinger ◽

R Stickgold

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Emotion Perception ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Error Rates ◽

Emotional Intensity ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Emotional Perception ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Socially Relevant ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction The ability to perceive emotions is a socially-relevant skill critical for healthy interpersonal functioning, while deficits in this ability are associated with psychopathology. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) has been shown to have deleterious effects on emotion perception, yet the extent to which these impairments persist across the day with continued wakefulness, or if brief periods of recovery sleep can restore emotion perception abilities, remains unexplored. Methods Participants viewed slideshows of faces ranging in emotional expression and were asked to categorize (Happy, Sad, Angry, Neutral) and rate the emotional intensity (1-9) of each face at baseline (2100; Session 1), at 0900 (Session 2) following a night of sleep or TSD, and at 1400 (Session 3) following either continued wakefulness (wake group) or a 90-minute nap opportunity (nap group). Results Emotion categorization ability marginally improved from Session 1 to Session 2 following overnight sleep, however, no changes in emotion intensity ratings or vigilance were observed. TSD led to an increase in error rates during vigilance testing [t(46)=2.9, p=0.005] and impairment in emotion categorization ability [t(46)=5.5, p<0.001] from Session 1 to Session 2, although by Session 3 performance levels on both measures returned to baseline for all TSD participants. TSD also led to a decrease in emotional intensity ratings from Session 1 to Session 2, particularly for the highest tertile of emotional faces [6-9; t(46)=6.1, p<0.001]. These ratings remained suppressed at Session 3 in both the wake [t(25)=7.8, p<0.001] and nap [t(18)=3.1, p=0.006] groups. Conclusion These results indicate that time of day effects, with or without any additional benefit of a nap, can restore the impairments in vigilance and emotional categorization caused by TSD. The ability to discriminate levels of emotional intensity, however, is not restored by time of day or napping, suggesting that this ability is more sensitive to the impact of TSD. Support

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24 hours of sleep deprivation in the rat increases sleepiness and decreases vigilance: introduction of the rat-psychomotor vigilance task

Journal of Sleep Research ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00698.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 376-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

MICHAEL A. CHRISTIE ◽

JAMES T. MCKENNA ◽

NINA P. CONNOLLY ◽

ROBERT W. MCCARLEY ◽

ROBERT E. STRECKER

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

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Rat psychomotor vigilance task with fast response times using a conditioned lick behavior

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.041 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 216 (1) ◽

pp. 229-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jennifer L. Walker ◽

Brendan M. Walker ◽

Fernanda Monjaraz Fuentes ◽

David M. Rector

Keyword(s):

Response Times ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Fast Response ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

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The impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots performance

Journal of Airline and Airport Management ◽

10.3926/jairm.183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Nuno Quental ◽

João Rocha ◽

Jorge Silva ◽

Lídia Menezes ◽

Jorge Santos

Keyword(s):

Human Error ◽

Human Performance ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Sleep Diary ◽

Cognitive Fatigue ◽

Airline Pilots ◽

Fatigue Score ◽

Fatigue Management ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance ◽

The Impact

Purpose: Air transport is a highly regulated branch of aviation, but it continues to show occurrences where human error is present. Fatigue is now recognized as a hazard which degrades human performance and can put flight safety at risk. In this regard, the general objective of this study is to assess the impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots and how it can contribute to the occurrence of accidents and incidents.Methodology: Three airline pilots participated in the case study. The participants’ cognitive fatigue was monitored according to four methods, being two of them of a subjective nature – the sleep diary (SD) and the Samn-Perelli 7-Point Fatigue Scale (SPS), and the other two of an objective nature – the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and the actigraphy (actiwatch ReadibandTM 5). During their flight duty periods (FDPs), the pilots’ performance was also assessed according to the score delivered by a fatigue management software (FAID®).Findings: The obtained results allowed to understand whether the pilots are aware of their alertness and to identify factors which affect their performance levels. Between the beginning and the end of each FDP, significant changes were observed concerning the assessment on the SPS scale, the reaction time (RT) and the fatigue score generated by the biomathematical models associated to the technique of the actigraphy and the software FAID®.Originality/value: The risk of accident or serious error was classified according to the four methodologies used. Thus, it is possible to verify if there is a correspondence between the different scales or if there are scales more conservative (with a higher associated risk) than others.

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0297 Relationship Between Sleepiness Symptoms Questionnaire Ratings and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance in a Total Sleep Deprivation Study

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.294 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A112-A112

Author(s):

A K Skwara ◽

L Skeiky ◽

H Van Dongen ◽

D A Hansen

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Self Report ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Time In Bed ◽

Performance Impairment ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

Abstract Introduction While measuring the neurobehavioral consequences of sleepiness is arguably best done with performance tasks providing objective assessments of impairment, this often proves challenging in real-world operational settings. Self-report instruments measuring subjective sleepiness provide a practical alternative, but field studies generally fail to show high correlation between objective and subjective assessments of impairment. The Sleepiness Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ) is a self-report instrument developed to address this issue by asking about observable symptoms of sleepiness and (motor vehicle driving) performance impairment. In a laboratory sleep deprivation study, we compared SSQ sleepiness ratings to performance impairment on a 10min psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). Methods N=12 healthy normal sleepers (ages 21-39y, 6 females) participated in a 4-day in-laboratory study. After a baseline day (9h time in bed; 22:00-07:00), subjects underwent 38h total sleep deprivation (TSD) followed by a recovery day (9h time in bed; 22:00-07:00). As part of neurobehavioral testing throughout the experiment, subjects completed the SSQ and PVT back to back at 6.5h, 14.5h, 22.5h, and 30.5h TSD, and 6.5h after recovery sleep. Data from one subject were incomplete and discarded prior to analysis. Results As TSD progressed, the SSQ sleepiness ratings and the number of lapses (RTs>500ms) on the PVT were elevated, with sleepiness and performance impairment peaking at 22.5h TSD. Both measures returned to baseline levels after recovery sleep. Mixed-effects analysis of covariance showed moderate correlation between SSQ ratings and PVT lapses (r=0.44, F1,43=24.1, p<0.001). Conclusion Self-reported sleepiness on the SSQ reflected the expected homeostatic and circadian changes in sleep pressure during TSD and following recovery sleep, as did PVT performance impairment. The moderate correlation between subjective ratings on the SSQ, with its emphasis on observable sleepiness symptoms, and objective impairment on the PVT suggests that the SSQ may be a reasonably reliable instrument for measuring sleepiness under conditions of acute sleep deprivation. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

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040 Sleep Deprivation Disrupts Binding of Information with Its Context

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A17-A18

Author(s):

Courtney Kurinec ◽

Paul Whitney ◽

John Hinson ◽

Devon Hansen ◽

Hans Van Dongen

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Speaker Recognition ◽

Memory Task ◽

Study Phase ◽

Specific Information ◽

Affective Valence ◽

Impaired Memory ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Nighttime Sleep ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Effective memory often requires recall of both specific information and the context in which the information was encountered. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is known to impair memory for information items (e.g., words on a studied list), but the impact of TSD on binding, or associative linking, between items and context is not clear. Methods N=68 healthy adults (ages 22–40; 35 females) completed a 4-day (3-night) in-laboratory study. After a baseline night with 10h nighttime sleep opportunity, participants were randomly assigned to either 38h TSD (n=38) or a well-rested control (WRC) condition with 10h nighttime sleep opportunity (n=30). Both study arms concluded with a 10h nighttime recovery sleep opportunity. Participants completed a standardized recognition memory task at 14:50 on day 2 (baseline, session 1) and again 24h later (session 2). The memory task consisted of a study phase in which words with negative, positive, and neutral affective valence were spoken by a female or male speaker (50% each); followed immediately by a test phase, in which subjects made recognition judgments for the items (words) and their source (speaker). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA revealed significant interactions of session by condition for both word and speaker recognition (p<0.001). When sleep-deprived, TSD participants recognized fewer words and, for words that were correctly recognized, they were worse at recognizing the speaker, compared to baseline and to the WRC group. Negatively valenced words were associated with poorer word recognition (p<0.001), and in session 1 poorer source recognition (p = 0.032), but these valence effects did not interact with sleep deprivation. Conclusion TSD impaired memory for items, but more importantly, also impaired memory for the context in which items were presented, even if the items were themselves correctly recognized, and regardless of their affective valence. These results indicate that TSD may disrupt binding of information to its context, which could explain TSD deficits in decision-making tasks that require novel associative linking. Furthermore, our findings are important in real-world situations such as eyewitness accounts and perseveration of the influence of misinformation. Support (if any) NIH grant R21 CA167691 and CDMRP award W81XWH-20-1-0442

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Sleep deprivation causes memory deficits by negatively impacting neuronal connectivity in hippocampal area CA1

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.13424 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Robbert Havekes ◽

Alan J Park ◽

Jennifer C Tudor ◽

Vincent G Luczak ◽

Rolf T Hansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Dendritic Structure ◽

Memory Storage ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Spine Density ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Area Ca1 ◽

Hippocampal Area ◽

The Impact

Brief periods of sleep loss have long-lasting consequences such as impaired memory consolidation. Structural changes in synaptic connectivity have been proposed as a substrate of memory storage. Here, we examine the impact of brief periods of sleep deprivation on dendritic structure. In mice, we find that five hours of sleep deprivation decreases dendritic spine numbers selectively in hippocampal area CA1 and increased activity of the filamentous actin severing protein cofilin. Recovery sleep normalizes these structural alterations. Suppression of cofilin function prevents spine loss, deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and impairments in long-term memory caused by sleep deprivation. The elevated cofilin activity is caused by cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase-4A5 (PDE4A5), which hampers cAMP-PKA-LIMK signaling. Attenuating PDE4A5 function prevents changes in cAMP-PKA-LIMK-cofilin signaling and cognitive deficits associated with sleep deprivation. Our work demonstrates the necessity of an intact cAMP-PDE4-PKA-LIMK-cofilin activation-signaling pathway for sleep deprivation-induced memory disruption and reduction in hippocampal spine density.

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0121 Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Word Recognition of Previously Studied Words with Different Emotional Valence

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A48-A48

Author(s):

A N Hudson ◽

P Whitney ◽

J M Hinson ◽

D A Hansen ◽

H Van Dongen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Source Memory ◽

Memory Task ◽

Emotional Valence ◽

Item Memory ◽

Study Phase ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

The Impact ◽

Negative Stimuli

Abstract Introduction Stimuli with an emotional valence tend to produce better recognition from memory than neutral stimuli. Sleep loss is believed to increase reactivity to negative stimuli, as compared to positive stimuli, which may comparatively enhance subsequent recognition from memory for negative stimuli. We investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on recognition accuracy for words with different emotional valence using the Affective Item Source Memory Task (AISM). Methods N=14 adults (ages 21–39; 7 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with 9h baseline sleep (22:00-07:00), 39h acute TSD, and 9h recovery sleep. The AISM was administered at 16:30 during baseline and after 34h TSD. During a 5min study phase, participants heard a list, twice, of 20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral words spoken with a male or female voice. During an immediately subsequent 8min recognition phase, participants heard 120 words (50% new) and judged whether each word had been presented in the study list (item memory). For words judged to have been presented previously, participants indicated whether those were presented by a female or male speaker (source memory). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA showed effects of session (p<0.001) and valence (p<0.001) on item memory. At baseline, accuracy was greatest for neutral and positive words compared to negative words. During TSD, accuracy declined for all three valences, and no interaction of session by valence was detected. No effects of TSD or valence on source memory were observed. Conclusion Sleep deprivation reduced item memory for words of all valence types. However, there was no comparatively greater impact on item or source memory for negative words nor any differential effect of TSD for different valences. Whether our results would hold with longer time intervals between task phases or an intervening sleep period remains to be determined. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

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