scholarly journals The impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Nuno Quental ◽  
João Rocha ◽  
Jorge Silva ◽  
Lídia Menezes ◽  
Jorge Santos
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Fatigue Score ◽  
Fatigue Management ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: Air transport is a highly regulated branch of aviation, but it continues to show occurrences where human error is present. Fatigue is now recognized as a hazard which degrades human performance and can put flight safety at risk. In this regard, the general objective of this study is to assess the impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots and how it can contribute to the occurrence of accidents and incidents.Methodology: Three airline pilots participated in the case study. The participants’ cognitive fatigue was monitored according to four methods, being two of them of a subjective nature – the sleep diary (SD) and the Samn-Perelli 7-Point Fatigue Scale (SPS), and the other two of an objective nature – the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and the actigraphy (actiwatch ReadibandTM 5). During their flight duty periods (FDPs), the pilots’ performance was also assessed according to the score delivered by a fatigue management software (FAID®).Findings: The obtained results allowed to understand whether the pilots are aware of their alertness and to identify factors which affect their performance levels. Between the beginning and the end of each FDP, significant changes were observed concerning the assessment on the SPS scale, the reaction time (RT) and the fatigue score generated by the biomathematical models associated to the technique of the actigraphy and the software FAID®.Originality/value: The risk of accident or serious error was classified according to the four methodologies used. Thus, it is possible to verify if there is a correspondence between the different scales or if there are scales more conservative (with a higher associated risk) than others.

scholarly journals Effect of shift work on fatigue and sleep in neonatal registrars

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245428
Author(s):  
Ajay P. Anvekar ◽  
Elizabeth A. Nathan ◽  
Dorota A. Doherty ◽  
Sanjay K. Patole
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
Night Shifts ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Objective We aimed to study fatigue and sleep in registrars working 12-hour rotating shifts in our tertiary neonatal intensive unit. Methods and participants This study involved neonatal registrar’s working day (08:00–21:00) and night (20:30–08:30) shifts. Participants maintained a sleep diary, answered a self-reported sleepiness questionnaire assessing subjective sleepiness, and performed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) at the start and end of each shift. Primary outcomes: (1) Fatigue at the (i) “start vs end” of day and night shifts, (ii) end of the “day vs night” shifts, and (iii) end of “first vs last shift” in block of day and night shifts. (2) Duration and quality of sleep before the “day vs night” shifts. Mean reaction time (RTM), relative coefficient of variation (RTCV), and lapses (reaction time > 500ms) were used as measures of fatigue on PVT. Secondary outcome: Subjective sleepiness (self-reported sleepiness questionnaire) at the ‘start vs end” of day and night shifts. Results Fifteen registrars completed the study. Acuity was comparable for all shifts. (1) Psychomotor responses were impaired at the end vs start of day shifts [RTM (p = 0.014), lapses (p = 0.001)], end vs start of night shifts [RTM (p = 0.007), RTCV (p = 0.003), lapses (p<0.001)] and end of night vs day shifts [RTM (p = 0.007), RTCV (p = 0.046), lapses (p = 0.001)]. Only lapses were significantly increased at the end of the last (p = 0.013) vs first shift (p = 0.009) in a block of day and night shifts. (2) Duration of sleep before the night (p = 0.019) and consecutive night shifts was decreased significantly (p = 0.034). Subjective sleepiness worsened after day (p = 0.014) and night shifts (p<0.001). Conclusion Fatigue worsened after the 12-hour day and night shifts with a greater change after night shifts. Lapses increased after block of day and night shifts. Sleep was decreased before night shifts. Our findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.

The Incorporation of Human Performance Improvement Into Systems Design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Corrado
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Human Performance Improvement ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Although considerable research has been conducted on the human-machine interface, this is a moving target as industry sprints to keep up with technological advances. Conflicts remain between the optimism of technology developers and the real-life operational difficulties that accompany the introduction of these systems. The developers typically claim that the new technology will result in performance improvements. Due to the operational complexities introduced, however, the technology may actually decrease user performance. Unfortunately, the complexities confronting operators are difficult for design teams to predict. Incorporating advances in technology is necessary, but should be properly balanced within the confines of the system. It is easy to forget that humans are a vital part of this system. The human, including the human's inclination for error, should be considered a fundamental aspect of the system, reflected in design and accounted for in the design process. Engaged human involvement is necessary for safe and successful system operation, but like all systems, it has its failure modes. Humans' innate propensity for error in system operation should be addressed from multiple fronts. This article proposes a method to minimize the impact of human error throughout life of a facility via incorporation of a human performance improvement model that institutes human error severity criteria, establishment of a system to capture human error data, and via data trending, a process to predict negative behaviors before potential errors or adverse events can occur.

John Senders, Human Error, and System Safety

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110019
Author(s):  
Barry Strauch
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
System Safety ◽  
Operator Training ◽  
Sociotechnical System ◽  
Error Mitigation ◽  
System Errors ◽  
The Impact

Objective I examine John Senders’ work and discuss his influence on the study of error causation,error mitigation, and sociotechnical system safety. Background John Senders’ passing calls for an evaluation of the impact of his work. Method I review literature and accident investigation findings to discuss themes in Senders’ work and potential associations between that work and error causation and system safety. Results Senders consistently emphasized empirical rigor and theoretical exploration in his research, with the desire to apply that work to enhance human performance. He has contributed to changing the way error has been viewed, and to developing and implementing programs and techniques to mitigate error. While a causal relationship between Senders’ work and safety cannot be established, an association can be drawn between his research and efforts to mitigate error. Conclusion Because of Senders’ work, we have a better understanding of error causation and enhanced ways of mitigating system errors. However, new sources of error, involving advanced systems and operators’ knowledge and understanding of their functionalities can, if not addressed, degrade system safety. Application Modifications to advanced automation and operator training are suggested, and research to improve operator expertise in interacting with automated systems proposed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Shift Kerja Terhadap Kelelahan dan Performansi Pengendali Kereta Api Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Lauditta Irianti
Keyword(s):  
Shift Work ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Occupational Fatigue ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

<p><em>The purpose of this study is  to evaluate the effect of shift work on level of fatigue and  performance of railway controller. Seventeen participants are the railway controller of Bandung Station. Fatigue was measured using subjective questionaire Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) and performance was measured using Psychomotor Vigilance Task based on reaction time.  Friedman test and Bonferonni-Dunn test were used to process data. Statistical analysis indicates there was significant difference level of fatigue and human performance between shift work. Fatigue occurs at sleepiness, phsysical discomfort and lack of motivation dimensions, while performance occurs at mean 1/RT, fastest 1/RT and slowest 1/RT (P &lt; 0,10). %. The highest fatigue and the worst performance occurs after night shift. After night shift, the level of fatigue increased about 37% to 162%, meanwhile performance were decreased about 3% to 11%. Although there were significant difference of level fatigue, the average scores are below 1 (score 0-7). This result indicates that the fatigue of controllers  are very low.  Although maybe is not really necessary to redesign shift work system, but working hours on each shift still need to be concerned. </em></p>

scholarly journals Hypersomnia

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndromes ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Periodic Limb Movements ◽  
Psychomotor Tests ◽  
Maintenance Of Wakefulness Test ◽  
Idiopathic Hypersomnia ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
Multiple Sleep Latency

Hypersomnia, a complaint of excessive daytime sleep or sleepiness, affects 4% to 6% of the population, with an impact on the everyday life of the patient Methodological tools to explore sleep and wakefulness (interview, questionnaires, sleep diary, polysomnography, Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test) and psychomotor tests (for example, psychomotor vigilance task and Oxford Sleep Resistance or Osler Test) help distinguish between the causes of hypersomnia. In this article, the causes of hypersomnia are detailed following the conventional classification of hypersomnic syndromes: narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, recurrent hypersomnia, insufficient sleep syndrome, medication- and toxin-dependent sleepiness, hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders, hypersomnia associated with neurological disorders, posttraumatic hypersomnia, infection (with a special emphasis on the differences between bacterial and viral diseases compared with parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness) and hypersomnia, hypersomnia associated with metabolic or endocrine diseases, breathing-related sleep disorders and sleep apnea syndromes, and periodic limb movements in sleep.

scholarly journals 1100 Self-Monitoring Of PVT Performance In Healthy Adults And Individuals With MDD

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A418-A419
Author(s):  
O Galli ◽  
N Goel ◽  
M Basner ◽  
J Detre ◽  
M Thase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Negativity bias in depression has been repeatedly demonstrated in the judgment and decision-making literature. Research investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on self-evaluation of performance in healthy or depressed populations is limited. We examined 1) whether individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) exhibit a negativity bias in subjective ratings of performance on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) as compared with healthy adults, and 2) the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on these ratings. Methods N=33 individuals with MDD and n=9 healthy adults completed a 5-day study protocol including two baseline nights (B1-B2, 9h TIB), 36 hours of TSD, and one night of recovery sleep opportunity (Rec). The PVT was administered every 2-4 hours. A brief questionnaire was administered immediately prior to (PRE) and following (POST) the PVT, asking participants to estimate their average reaction time (RT) using a 9-point Likert-type scale. Mixed-effects models examined the impact of group (MDD, Control), protocol day (B1, B2, SD, Rec), and their interaction on objective PVT performance (mean RT) and subjective performance estimates (PRE and POST ratings). Results Mean RT was significantly slower during TSD (p&lt;0.001) for all participants. Individuals with MDD and healthy adults did not differ in objective PVT performance (p=0.25) across days. There was no significant interaction between group and protocol day (p=0.96). Both groups predicted slower RTs during TSD as compared with baseline or recovery days (PRE-PVT, p=0.006). Individuals with MDD anticipated slower RTs as compared with healthy adults (p=0.001). On POST-PVT estimates, all participants reported subjective poorer performance during TSD (p&lt;0.008). Individuals with MDD reported slower RTs as compared with healthy adults (p=0.002). Interaction effects between group and protocol day on PRE- and POST- performance ratings were not significant. Conclusion This project is the first to investigate subjective estimates of PVT performance in healthy and depressed individuals. Individuals with MDD subjectively reported slower response times as compared with control participants, despite similar objective performance. Depressive symptoms may be a potential confounder of subjective, but not objective, PVT performance. Support 5R01MH107571

The Intersection of Advancing Technology and Human Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. Corrado
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Today's sensory and processing technologies are perceptive and precise. They can discern the environment, solve complicated problems, make assessments, and learn from experience. Although they do not think the way humans do, they can replicate many human intellectual aptitudes. Throughout the last several decades, companies have implemented advanced technology and increasingly removed the human from many aspects of nuclear operation. There are many advantages to this transition, but, like any system modification, failures inevitably manifest. In the instance of this article, human errors have resulted and have accounted for several accidents at nuclear facilities in the United States due to this transition. The accidents at these facilities due to human error often result in plant shutdowns, unnecessary expenses, and have the capacity to be problematic for people, the facilities, and environments. This article explores the context surrounding the complexity of changing technologies at the nuclear facilities and the potential exacerbation of problems caused by human error when technology advancements concerning operator interaction with control systems are implemented. To understand the complexity surrounding the human interaction with advancing technologies, the concepts of human performance and human factors are examined and then the impact of these concepts within the framework of advancing technology are applied to the operation of nuclear facilities. This review draws attention to the vulnerabilities due to human error at nuclear facilities within the context of continually advancing technology and sheds insight on the role human performance and human factors have on system design and the resulting outcome.

scholarly journals 0310 Oculometrics Track Performance on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task During Acute Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A117-A117
Author(s):  
N H Feick ◽  
T L Tyson ◽  
L Arsintescu ◽  
P F Cravalho ◽  
L S Stone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment impairs human sensorimotor performance and reduces vigilant attention, which increases the potential for errors in occupations that require 24-hour operations. The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is the gold-standard measure for evaluating the impact of sleepiness on performance, however, it is not practical to administer in many operational environments, because it only provides a snapshot of performance and requires an individual to focus on the task for several minutes, multiple times over a work shift. As a result, passive, continuous monitoring of sleepiness is desirable for operational environments. The goal of the present study was to determine if complex oculomotor behavioral metrics track PVT performance during sleep deprivation. Methods Twelve healthy adults (mean age 24.8 ± 5.4 years; 6F) maintained a fixed schedule with 8.5 hours in bed for two weeks, during which they abstained from caffeine, alcohol, and other medications, followed by a ~24 hours constant routine laboratory stay. Participants completed the PVT and a radial step-ramp ocular tracking task hourly throughout the study. Twelve oculometrics were derived from smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements collected through video-oculography and were compared to the PVT and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) using linear regression and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Nine oculometrics spanning pursuit, saccade, and directional motion processing performance correlated with the PVT and KSS (p &lt; 0.05), including: (a) pursuit latency; (b) open-loop pursuit acceleration; (c) proportion smooth; (d) steady-state pursuit gain; (e) saccadic amplitude; (f) saccadic dispersion; (g) saccadic rate; (h) direction asymmetry; and (i) direction noise. Conclusion The oculometrics that we examined exhibited a distinct pattern that tracked PVT performance. Future studies should examine whether these metrics can be extracted through passive monitoring techniques. Support None

scholarly journals Are Individuals with Low Trait Anxiety Better Suited to On-Call Work?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-486
Author(s):  
Madeline Sprajcer ◽  
Sarah M Jay ◽  
Grace E Vincent ◽  
Xuan Zhou ◽  
Andrew Vakulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Impact

Research has indicated that individuals with certain traits may be better suited to shiftwork and non-standard working arrangements. However, no research has investigated how individual differences impact on-call outcomes. As such, this study investigated the impact of trait anxiety on sleep and performance outcomes on-call. Seventy male participants (20–35 years) completed an adaptation night, a control night, and two on-call nights in a laboratory. Trait anxiety was determined using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) X-2, and participants completed the STAI X-1 prior to bed each night to assess state anxiety. Sleep was measured using polysomnography and quantitative electroencephalographic analysis. Performance was assessed using a 10-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performed each day at 0930, 1200, 1430 and 1700 h. Data pooled from three separate but inter-related studies was used for these analyses. Results indicated that the effects of trait anxiety on state anxiety, sleep and performance outcomes on-call were generally limited. These findings suggest that on-call outcomes are not negatively affected by higher levels of trait anxiety.

Quantifying Human Performance for Reliability Analysis of Systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Askren ◽  
Thaddeus L. Regulinski
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Exponential Distributions ◽  
General Mathematical Model ◽  
Classical Inference ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Parameter Values

A general mathematical model of the probability of errorless human performance was derived and equated to human reliability for time-continuous tasks. The application of this model and the implications of the time-to-first-human-error (TTFHE) concept were tested with data collected using a laboratory vigilance task. The error data were ordered, and through classical inference theory the underlying density functions were isolated and tested for goodness of fit. Weibull, gamma, and log-normal distributions emerged as relevant; normal and exponential distributions were rejected. The relevant distribution parameter values were applied to the general mathematical model, and predictions were made of human performance reliability for the task. It was concluded that this is a feasible and meaningful way to quantify human performance for time-continuous tasks for use in reliability analyses of systems.

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