scholarly journals The Contradictions of Liminal Legality: Economic Attainment and Civic Engagement of Central American Immigrants on Temporary Protected Status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Menjívar ◽  
Victor Agadjanian ◽  
Byeongdon Oh
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Central American ◽  
Immigrant Incorporation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Economic Attainment ◽  
Central American Immigrants ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract This study examines how Temporary Protected Status (TPS) may shape immigrants’ integration trajectories. Building on core themes identified in the immigrant incorporation scholarship, it investigates whether associations of educational attainment with labor market outcomes and with civic participation, which are well established in the general population, hold for immigrants who live in the “liminal legality” of TPS. Conducted in 2016 in five U.S. metropolitan areas, the study is based on a unique survey of Salvadoran and Honduran TPS holders, the majority of immigrants on this status. The analyses find that TPS holders with higher levels of educational attainment do not derive commensurate significant occupational or earnings premiums from their education. In contrast, the analysis of the relationship between educational attainment and civic engagement detects a positive association: more educated TPS holders are more likely to be members of community organizations and to participate in voluntary community service, compared to their less educated counterparts. These findings illustrate the contradictions inherent to TPS as it may hinder certain aspects of immigrant integration but not others. This examination contributes to our understanding of the implications of immigrants’ legal statuses and of immigration law and policy for key aspects of immigrant integration trajectories.

Facebooking Alone? Millennials’ Use of Social Network Sites and Volunteering

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Online Social Network ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Network Site ◽  
Facebook Use ◽  
Mixed Messages

The younger generation’s widespread use of online social network sites has raised concerns and debates about social network sites’ influence on this generation’s civic engagement, whether these sites undermine or promote prosocial behaviors. This study empirically examines how millennials’ social network site usage relates to volunteering, using the 2013 data of the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort Study. The findings reveal a positive association between a moderate level of Facebook use and volunteering, although heavy users are not more likely to volunteer than nonusers. This bell-shaped relationship between Facebook use and volunteering contrasts with the direct correlation between participation in off-line associational activities and volunteering. Overall, the findings suggest that it is natural to get mixed messages about social network sites’ impacts on civic engagement, and these platforms can be useful tools for getting the word out and recruiting episodic volunteers.

scholarly journals Essays on intergenerational transmission in Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Joonhong Ahn
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
Parenting Quality ◽  
Academic High School

This dissertation studies the effects of parents' resources on children's labor market outcomes in Korea. The educational structure in Korea has changed substantially with rapid economic growth over the last several decades. There is a substantial difference between parents and children's average educational attainment. Because of economic development and schooling difference between parents and children, the intergenerational transmission of economic status may show different patterns than in developed countries. In addition, parents' health problems may play a role to limit children's educational attainment by reducing parenting quality during early childhood or adolescent periods. The dissertation estimates various causal channels of parents' economic resources to children. The dissertation consists of three chapters. In Chapter 1, I investigate the intergenerational relationship of earnings and education in Korea with particular attention to the trajectories of vocational and academic high school graduates. I estimate that the intergenerational earnings elasticity in Korea is 0.4, which is consistent with previous studies. When educational attainment of fathers and child are controlled, parental earnings are positively associated with children's earnings, although the association decreases to 0.08 (0.10) for sons (daughters). Sons whose fathers completed only a vocational high school degree have a greater chance of attending college than sons whose fathers completed only an academic high school degree. A college degree of a father helps children to have higher earnings and to increase their chance of attending and graduating from college. Father's education has a stronger impact on children's earnings when children's educational attainment is higher. A vocational high school degree reduces a child's probability of attending and completing college compared to academic high school graduates. However, notwithstanding this educational disadvantage, vocational graduates do not appear to suffer substantially in terms of expected earnings, relative to academic high school graduates. In the second chapter, I estimate the average causal effects of parents' educational attainment on the educational attainment of children in Korea using a new method, the nonparametric bounds approach. This approach does not require the assumption of homogeneous and linear effects of parental schooling. It also uses relatively weaker assumptions, monotone treatment response and monotone treatment selection, than assumption underlying other methods and is more amenable to testing. With the additional assumption of monotone instrumental variables, it provides the tightest bounds on the average treatment effects (ATE) that an increase in parents' education increases children's educational success. It also shows the effects are overestimated in simple regression models. The third chapter examines the effects of parental health on children's educational attainment. Parental illness changes parenting quality both by affecting family wealth and in other ways that influence children's labor market outcomes. Parental health problems can especially have relatively larger impacts on children's education when children are in either primary or secondary education than other periods. Longitudinal data from the Korean Labor Income Panel Survey, for the period 1998 - 2018, enables me to examine parental illness effects in the early childhood and adolescent period on ultimate educational achievement. Empirical application in this paper pays attention to situations that each parent's either unexpected or chronic health problems change children's human capital.

scholarly journals Citizenship and Educational Attainment amongst the Second Generation: An Analysis of Children of Immigrants in Finland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Kilpi-Jakonen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Citizenship acquisition is often viewed as an indicator of immigrant integration as well as an event that spurs integration further. Relatively little is know about the relationship between citizenship and integration for children of immigrants. This article examines the relationship between citizenship and educational attainment at approximately age 16 in Finland using register data. Results suggest that children of immigrants who are Finnish citizens have better educational outcomes than non-citizens, measured with three indicators of educational attainment. However, the Finnish citizens come from families with higher levels of educational and economic resources than non-citizens and this explains much of the relationship between citizenship and education. After controlling for intervening variables, second generation students with Finnish citizenship are found to be more likely to choose general rather than vocational upper secondary education compared to their peers who have another citizenship. It is argued that this reflects a difference in educational attitudes between the two groups.

How do family background and shadow education affect academic performance and labour market outcomes in South Korea? Reasons for redistributive social investment

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Yun Young Kim ◽  
Young Jun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Education And Employment

This chapter aims to explore the role of education and social investment, with special attention on the effects of shadow education on social mobility in Korea. It analyses how family background and shadow education influence educational attainment and, subsequently, how educational attainment affects incomes, using data from the Korea Education and Employment Panel (KEEP). Since this 'broken social elevator' is not a problem faced only by Korea — most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries have 'sticky ceilings' and 'sticky floors' — the chapter then discusses the direction social investment policies should take to reboot social mobility. It argues that in order to minimise the effects of family background on educational attainment and labour market outcomes, social investment policies should actively play a redistributive role.

Gender Differences in Education and Training in the IT Workforce

2011 ◽  
pp. 3224-3233
Author(s):  
P. Carayon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Advanced Degrees ◽  
Master's Degrees ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Bachelor's Degrees ◽  
Information Sciences

Historically, women have had lower levels of educational attainment (Freeman, 2004; NCES, 1999), which in turn could negatively affect their opportunities in the labor market. However, in the past decade, this has changed dramatically. In general, more women have completed college, and more women have received bachelor’s and master’s degrees than men. Only in the highest level of education (PhD), men hold more degrees than women (NCES, 1999, 2002). In a recent study by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Freeman (2004) presents an overview of the latest developments with regard to gender differences in educational attainment. Historically, females have tended to account for the majority of bachelor’s degrees in fields that often lead to lower paying occupations, such as education and health professions, while males have typically predominated in higher paying fields, such as computer science and engineering. While some of these disparities persist, many changes have occurred since the 1970s. Certain fields in which men received the majority of degrees in the 1970s, such as social sciences, history, psychology, biological sciences/life sciences, and business management and administrative services, attained relative gender parity or were disproportionately female by 2001. While other fields, such as computer and information sciences, physical sciences and science technologies, and engineering, continue to have a larger proportion of males, the percentages of females majoring in those fields is increasing (Freeman, 2004). Between 1970 and 2001, the percentages of master’s, doctoral and first-professional degrees earned by females increased substantially in many fields. However, advanced degrees conferred still tend to follow traditional patterns, with women accounting for the majority of master’s and doctor’s degree recipients in education and health, and men accounting for the majority of recipients in computer and information sciences and engineering. Higher levels of educational attainment are associated with certain labor market outcomes, such as higher labor force participation rates, higher rates of employment, and higher earnings (Freeman, 2004). A study by Igbaria, Parasuraman and Greenhaus (1997) looked at gender differences in the information technology (IT) work force with regard to education and experience, career history and attainments and career orientation. The results showed significant differences in educational attainment. A larger percentage of female IT employees in the study ended their formal education after attaining a bachelor’s degree.

Robert D. Putnam,

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Marschall
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Neighborhood Organization

This chapter discusses Robert Putnam’s 2000 book,Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, in which he documents the decline in civic engagement, social connectedness and social capital, and sense of community among Americans. Putnam illustrates the devastating effects of these trends for America and Americans by focusing on five “illustrative” fields: child welfare and education, public safety and neighborhood organization, labor- market outcomes and economic performance, health and happiness, and democracy and democracy values. The chapter explains what social capital is and how it works before concluding with an assessment of several areas where scholars have fruitfully engaged or challenged Putnam’s theoretical contribution.

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