Pathophysiological responses of pine defensive metabolites largely lack differences between pine species but vary with eliciting ophiostomatoid fungal species

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1121-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A Cale ◽  
Jennifer G Klutsch ◽  
Christien B Dykstra ◽  
Brosnon Peters ◽  
Nadir Erbilgin
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pines ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract Phytopathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi are common associates of bark beetles and contribute to beetle-associated mortality of trees. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Canada are facilitating novel associations between its vectored fungi (Grosmannia clavigera, Leptographium longiclavatum and Ophiostoma montium) and jack pine. How the induced defense-related metabolite responses of jack and lodgepole pines vary in response to the fungi is unknown. Understanding this variation is important to clarifying pine susceptibility to and the physiological impacts of infection. We used a comparative metabolite profiling approach to investigate the defense-related signaling, carbon utilization/mobilization, and synthesis responses of both pines to the fungi. Both pine species largely exhibited similar metabolite responses to the fungi. The magnitude of pine metabolite responses positively reflected pathogen virulence. Our findings indicate that pines can recognize and metabolomically respond to novel pathogens, likely due to signals common between the novel fungi and fungi coevolved with the pine. Thus, jack pine is likely as susceptible as lodgepole pine to infections by each of the MPB-vectored fungi. Furthermore, the magnitude of the metabolite responses of both pines varied by the eliciting fungal species, with the most virulent pathogen causing the greatest reduction in carbohydrates and the highest accumulation of defensive terpenes.

Virulence of, and interactions among, mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi on two pine species and their hybrids in Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Rice ◽  
M.N. Thormann ◽  
D.W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Hybrid Pine

Mountain pine beetle (MPB) is the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in western Canada, and it is predicted to spread into boreal jack pine within the next few years. Colonization of host trees by MPB-associated blue-stain fungi appears to be required for successful beetle reproduction. Three species of blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer, and Wingfield (≡ Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Harrington), Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, and Leptographium longiclavatum Lee, Kim, and Breuil, are associated with MPB in Alberta. In inoculation experiments, all three fungi caused lesions on lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids. On average, lesions were longer on jack pine and hybrids than on lodgepole pine, suggesting that fungal development will not be a barrier to MPB success in these trees. Differences in lesion length caused by the three fungal species were minimal, with significant differences observed only on hybrid pine and between O. montium and the other fungal treatments. On average, lesions caused by combinations of the three fungi (pair-wise and all together) did not differ significantly in length from those caused by the fungi singly, and none of the fungal species competitively excluded any of the others. These observations suggest that all three species are pathogenic to boreal pines and that the virulence of all three species is comparable.

Assessment of the impact of symbiont Ophiostomatales (Fungi) on mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) performance on a jack pine (Pinaceae) diet using a novelin vitrorearing method

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin L. Myrholm ◽  
David W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

AbstractA novel “rearing-tube” method was developed and used to investigate the performance of mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), with its three main ophiostomatalean fungal symbionts,Grosmannia clavigera(Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer, and Wingfield (Ophiostomataceae),Ophiostoma montium(Rumbold) von Arx (Ophiostomataceae), andLeptographium longiclavatumLee, Kim, and Breuil (Ophiostomataceae). Transparent glass tubes filled with sterile ground jack pine (Pinus banksianaLambert; Pinaceae) phloem and sapwood (9:1 ratio) were used to rear MPB from egg to adult with each fungus under controlled environmental conditions. Mountain pine beetle mortality was higher and development longer in fungus-free controls compared to fungal treatments. Among fungal treatments, insects developed faster, constructed shorter larval galleries, and had fewer supernumerary instars withL. longiclavatum.Insect survival was not affected by fungal treatments. Hyphal extension through the rearing medium was fastest forL. longiclavatum. Phloem nitrogen was reduced significantly by the presence ofL. longiclavatum.Results support the hypothesis that ophiostomatalean symbionts provide benefits to MPB. The rearing-tube method is useful to tease apart confounding interspecific interactions between bark beetles and symbiotic fungus species.

Ophiostomatoid and basidiomycetous fungi associated with green, red, and grey lodgepole pines after mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Jin Kim ◽  
Eric A Allen ◽  
Leland M Humble ◽  
Colette Breuil
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Lodgepole Pines ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

The mountain pine beetle (MPB) is a major concern for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) forests in British Columbia, Canada. MPB and the ophiostomatoid staining fungi for which they serve as vector have a close, mutualistic relationship. In this work, we determined which fungi colonized MPB-killed standing trees with green, red, and grey crowns and quantified how rapidly the fungi stained and reduced the moisture content of sapwood. Green trees were mainly colonized by Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffrey & Davidson) Harrington, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (Davidson) De Hoog, Ophiostoma minutum (Olchow. & Reid) Hausner, and unknown Leptographium species. In red and grey pines (2 and 3 years after the original MPB attack, respectively), the frequency of the original fungal colonizers decreased, and other sapstaining fungal species were encountered. Among basidiomycetous fungi, decay fungi were rarely present in green trees but were isolated more frequently in red and grey trees. The frequency and the type of decay fungi isolated varied between harvesting sites.

scholarly journals Compounding effects of white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetle, and fire threaten four white pine species

Ecosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Dudney ◽  
Jonathan C. B. Nesmith ◽  
Matthew C. Cahill ◽  
Jennifer E. Cribbs ◽  
Dan M. Duriscoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Species

Evaluation of the push-pull tactic against the mountain pine beetle using verbenone and non-host volatiles in combination with pheromone-baited trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Borden ◽  
Anna L Birmingham ◽  
Jennifer S Burleigh
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lodgepole Pines

Experiments were conducted near Williams Lake and Quesnel, BC in 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-aggregation pheromone verbenone and a three-component non-host volatile (NHV) blend (E-2- and Z-3-hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol) in deterring attack of lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. In 0.16-ha square plots, with a pheromone-baited tree in the centre and 16 release points at 10-m centres, either verbenone (in a polyurethane gel inside plastic membrane pouches, released at ca. 100 mg/day) or the NHVs (released from separate bubble caps at ca. 1.2 mg/day) deterred attack, but efficacy was not increased by combining them. When deployed from 25 release points at 10-m centres in 0.25-ha square plots, verbenone plus NHVs were effective in deterring attack in some (but not all) cases, when compared to attack in a 25-m wide band around the treated zone. In a test of the push-pull tactic, verbenone plus the NHV blend were tested in a 10-replicate experiment with 100, 44.4 or 25 release points/ha at 10-, 15- or 20-m centres, respectively, in a 1-ha square central zone surrounded by a 3-ha, 50-m-wide band containing 12 pheromone-baited lodgepole pines 50 m apart. Other treatments were pheromonebaited trees alone, and an untreated control. In the three push-pull treatments (but not the bait only or control treatments), 28 of 30 replicates had significantly more mass-attacked trees in the pheromone-baited outer 3 ha than in the inner ha treated with verbenone plus NHVs. The percentage of available trees ≥ 17.5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) that were mass-attacked was < 10% in 5, 4 and 3 of 10 replicates when verbenone plus NHVs were deployed at 10-, 15- and 20-m centres, respectively, and was < 10% in two each of the bait only and control replicates. The mean ratios of newly-attacked green trees in 2003 to red trees killed in 2002 were significantly lower in the inner ha of the 10-m and 15-m centre treatments (2.6 and 2.7, respectively) than 5.9 in the untreated control. Also the pooled percentages of attacked trees that were not mass-attacked were significantly higher in the inner ha of the treatments with centres at 15 m (24.7%) and 10 m (17.6%) than in the other three treatments (all between 12% and 13%). Despite the apparent efficacy in 10-m and 15-m centre treatments, some replicates failed spectacularly. Failure was not significantly related to the incidence of red trees, but was negatively related to density/ha of available trees and positively related to mean dbh. We recommend operational implementation of the push-pull tactic at 10-m or 15-m centres when the density of available lodgepole pines is > 400/ha, the mean dbh is ≤ 25 cm, current attack is ≤ 15%, and the tactic is part of an integrated pest management program that includes sanitation harvesting. Using verbenone alone at 15-m centres would cost $380/ha (CAD), excluding labour. Key words: mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, pheromones, semiochemicals, pest management

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Ergosterol Concentrations Varied in Live Jack Pine Phloem Following Inoculations With Fungal Associates of Mountain Pine Beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydne Guevara-Rozo ◽  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Jonathan A. Cale ◽  
Jennifer G. Klutsch ◽  
Rahmatollah Rajabzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Fungal Associates

Acoustics of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) (Curculionidae, Scolytinae): sonic, ultrasonic, and vibration characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Fleming ◽  
A.A. Lindeman ◽  
A.L. Carroll ◽  
J.E. Yack
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acoustic Signaling ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Low Amplitude

Acoustic signaling is widespread in bark beetles (Scolytinae), although little is known about the physical characteristics of signals, how they are transmitted, and how they differ among behavioural contexts. Signals were studied in the male mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) during stress, male–female, and male–male interactions. Sounds are broadband with significant energy in the ultrasound (peaks between 15 and 26 kHz) and low amplitude (55 and 47 dB SPL at 2 and 4 cm, respectively), indicating that signaling functions at close range. Signal trains vary among contexts primarily in the proportions of chirp types. Chirps were categorized as being simple or interrupted, with the former having significantly lower tooth strike rates and shorter chirp durations. Stress chirps are predominantly simple with characteristics resembling other insect disturbance signals. Male–female interactions begin with the male producing predominantly interrupted chirps prior to gallery entrance, followed by simple chirps. Male–male (rivalry) chirps are predominantly simple, with evidence of antiphonal calling. Substrate-borne vibrations were detectable with a laser-doppler vibrometer at short distances (1–3 cm), suggesting that sensory organs could be tuned to either air or substrate-borne vibrations. These results have important implications for future research on the function and reception of acoustic signals in bark beetles.

EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO PINE OILS FOR PROTECTING LODGEPOLE PINE FROM ATTACK BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Pine Oil ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is one of the most destructive bark beetles found on pine in western North America (McCambridge et al. 1979), particularly in forests of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia (Furniss and Carolin 1977). The treatment registered in the United States for the protection of high-value trees in residential areas and recreational areas is 2% carbaryl applied to the bole of the tree with a hydraulic sprayer. Recently, pine oil, a derivative of paper pulp waste, was found to be an effective non-insecticidal repellent against several species of bark beetles (Nijholt et al. 1981).

Carbohydrate allocation and mountain pine beetle attack in girdled lodgepole pines

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1036-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Miller ◽  
A. A. Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Lodgepole Pines

Healthy lodgepole pine trees (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were girdled on the lower trunk in patterns designed to selectively eliminate the influence of materials transported from the roots, lateral tissues, and crown. Titres of soluble sugars and starch observed in areas isolated by girdling were significantly lower than those observed in areas open to the upper bole and crown. Corresponding decreases were observed in the numbers of Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins attacking those areas.

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