Large-scale survey reveals pervasiveness and potential function of endogenous geminiviral sequences in plants

Abstract The family Geminiviridae contains viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes that have been found infecting a wide variety of angiosperm species. The discovery within the last 25 years of endogenous geminivirus-like (EGV) elements within the nuclear genomes of several angiosperms has raised questions relating to the pervasiveness of EGVs and their impacts on host biology. Only a few EGVs have currently been characterized and it remains unclear whether any of these have influenced, or are currently influencing, the evolutionary fitness of their hosts. We therefore undertook a large-scale search for evidence of EGVs within 134 genome and 797 transcriptome sequences of green plant species. We detected homologues of geminivirus replication-associated protein (Rep) genes in forty-two angiosperm species, including two monocots, thirty-nine dicots, and one ANITA-grade basal angiosperm species (Amborella trichopoda). While EGVs were present in the members of many different plant orders, they were particularly common within the large and diverse order, Ericales, with the highest copy numbers of EGVs being found in two varieties of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Phylogenetic and clustering analyses revealed multiple highly divergent previously unknown geminivirus Rep lineages, two of which occur in C.sinensis alone. We find that some of the Camellia EGVs are likely transcriptionally active, sometimes co-transcribed with the same host genes across several Camellia species. Overall, our analyses expand the known breadths of both geminivirus diversity and geminivirus host ranges, and strengthens support for the hypothesis that EGVs impact the biology of their hosts.

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Sports and structured leisure as sites of victimization for children and young people in Finland: Looking at the significance of gender and ethnicity

International Review for the Sociology of Sport ◽

10.1177/1012690216636607 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 955-971 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marja Peltola ◽

Antti Kivijärvi

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Family Background ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Child Victim ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Immigrant Background ◽

The Family ◽

Large Scale Survey

Availability and access have been central worries that are discussed related to children’s and young people’s sport and other structured leisure activities. In this article, we shift the focus towards children’s and young people’s experiences of violence perpetrated by coaches or leaders within such activities in Finland. We use a large-scale survey on children’s and young people’s experiences of violence in different spheres of life (Finnish Child Victim Survey 2013) as the data, and concentrate on the significance of gender and ethnicity for the experiences of violence within structured leisure. The results show that boys report significantly higher levels of emotional, physical and sexual violence perpetrated by a coach or a leader within leisure activities than girls; and immigrant background seems also to increase the risk of being victimized. With the help of logistic regression analysis, we assess the role of other background factors in experiencing violence within structured activities, but conclude that the significance of gender and ethnicity persists even when factors related to the family background are taken into consideration.

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A Family With Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/1059-0889.0501.23 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 23-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chris Halpin ◽

Barbara Herrmann ◽

Margaret Whearty

Keyword(s):

Speech Production ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Role Models ◽

Speech Intelligibility ◽

Large Scale ◽

Speech Language Pathology ◽

The Family ◽

Patient Will ◽

Language Pathology

The family described in this article provides an unusual opportunity to relate findings from genetic, histological, electrophysiological, psychophysical, and rehabilitative investigation. Although the total number evaluated is large (49), the known, living affected population is smaller (14), and these are spread from age 20 to age 59. As a result, the findings described above are those of a large-scale case study. Clearly, more data will be available through longitudinal study of the individuals documented in the course of this investigation but, given the slow nature of the progression in this disease, such studies will be undertaken after an interval of several years. The general picture presented to the audiologist who must rehabilitate these cases is that of a progressive cochlear degeneration that affects only thresholds at first, and then rapidly diminishes speech intelligibility. The expected result is that, after normal language development, the patient may accept hearing aids well, encouraged by the support of the family. Performance and satisfaction with the hearing aids is good, until the onset of the speech intelligibility loss, at which time the patient will encounter serious difficulties and may reject hearing aids as unhelpful. As the histological and electrophysiological results indicate, however, the eighth nerve remains viable, especially in the younger affected members, and success with cochlear implantation may be expected. Audiologic counseling efforts are aided by the presence of role models and support from the other affected members of the family. Speech-language pathology services were not considered important by the members of this family since their speech production developed normally and has remained very good. Self-correction of speech was supported by hearing aids and cochlear implants (Case 5’s speech production was documented in Perkell, Lane, Svirsky, & Webster, 1992). These patients received genetic counseling and, due to the high penetrance of the disease, exhibited serious concerns regarding future generations and the hope of a cure.

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The Use of Medical Record Linkage for Population and Genetic Studies

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1635962 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 08 (01) ◽

pp. 07-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H. B. Newcombe

Keyword(s):

Record Linkage ◽

Large Scale ◽

Medical Record Linkage ◽

Canadian Province ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Parental Characteristics ◽

Family Histories ◽

The Family ◽

Large Populations ◽

Machine Readable

Methods are described for deriving personal and family histories of birth, marriage, procreation, ill health and death, for large populations, from existing civil registrations of vital events and the routine records of ill health. Computers have been used to group together and »link« the separately derived records pertaining to successive events in the lives of the same individuals and families, rapidly and on a large scale. Most of the records employed are already available as machine readable punchcards and magnetic tapes, for statistical and administrative purposes, and only minor modifications have been made to the manner in which these are produced.As applied to the population of the Canadian province of British Columbia (currently about 2 million people) these methods have already yielded substantial information on the risks of disease: a) in the population, b) in relation to various parental characteristics, and c) as correlated with previous occurrences in the family histories.

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Occurrence and Molecular Variability of Kiwifruit Viruses in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Xuxiang’ in the Shaanxi Province of China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1570-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (6) ◽

pp. 1309-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lei Zhao ◽

Wen Yang ◽

Yuanle Zhang ◽

Zhanmin Wu ◽

Qiao-Chun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Primary Source ◽

Potato Virus X ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Multiple Infection ◽

First Report ◽

Molecular Variability ◽

Large Scale Survey ◽

Actinidia Spp ◽

Main Producer

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is an economically substantial fruit crop with China the main producer. China is the primary source of wild kiwifruit and the largest producer of kiwifruit in terms of both production and planting area, and Shaanxi province is the largest kiwifruit producer in China. Previous studies reported presence of kiwifruit viruses in Actinidia chinensis. In this study, six viruses were identified in kiwifruit ‘Xuxiang’ (A. deliciosa) in Shaanxi, China. The incidence, distribution, and genetic diversity of these viruses were studied. The results showed that Actinidia virus A (AcVA), Actinidia virus B (AcVB), Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (AcCRaV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), and potato virus X (PVX) were the main viruses infecting Xuxiang kiwifruit in Shaanxi, China. Incidence of the various viruses with both single and multiple infection varied with different kiwifruit-growing counties. For single virus infection, the highest and the lowest numbers of samples infected were about 22 for AcCRaV and 0 for AcVB in Meixian out of 170 samples, 12 for AcVA and 0 for CMV in Zhouzhi out of 120 samples, 10 for AcVA and 0 for AcVB, AcCRaV, ASGV, PVX, and CMV in Yangling out of 70 samples, and 8 for AcCRaV and CMV and 0 for AcVA, AcVB, ASGV, and PVX in Hanzhong out of 80 samples, respectively. Samples which were multiply infected with two or more viruses were also detected. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of these viruses showed some genetic variability in the AcVA, AcVB, and AcCRaV isolates of Shaanxi kiwifruit. There was no obvious molecular variation in the coat protein genes of ASGV, CMV, and PVX virus isolates from Shaanxi kiwifruit. The present study is the first large-scale survey of kiwifruit viruses in Shaanxi, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PVX infecting kiwifruit and the first report of molecular variability of AcVA, AcVB, and AcCRaV. These results provide important data for studying the genetic evolution of AcVA, AcVB, AcCRaV, ASGV, CMV, and PVX.

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Correcting Citizens’ Misperceptions about non-Western Immigrants: Corrective Information, Interpretations, and Policy Opinions

Journal of Experimental Political Science ◽

10.1017/xps.2020.35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frederik Juhl Jørgensen ◽

Mathias Osmundsen

Keyword(s):

Immigration Policy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Total Population ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Correct Information ◽

The Usa ◽

Large Scale Survey ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Information Change ◽

Corrective Information

Abstract Can corrective information change citizens’ misperceptions about immigrants and subsequently lead to favorable immigration opinions? While prior studies from the USA document how corrections about the size of minority populations fail to change citizens’ immigration-related opinions, they do not examine how other facts that speak to immigrants’ cultural or economic dependency rates can influence immigration policy opinions. To extend earlier work, we conducted a large-scale survey experiment fielded to a nationally representative sample of Danes. We randomly expose participants to information about non-Western immigrants’ (1) welfare dependency rate, (2) crime rate, and (3) proportion of the total population. We find that participants update their factual beliefs in light of correct information, but reinterpret the information in a highly selective fashion, ultimately failing to change their policy preferences.

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