scholarly journals Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): insights from ossicle morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Fau ◽  
Loïc Villier
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Tree Resolution ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract A new phylogenetic analysis of the superorder Forcipulatacea is presented. Forcipulatacea is one of the three major groups of sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata), composed of 400 extant species. The sampled taxa are thought to represent the morphological diversity of the group. Twenty-nine forcipulate taxa were sampled belonging to Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, Heliasteridae, Pedicellasteridae, Zoroasteridae and Brisingida. Specimens were dissected with bleach. Detailed description of the skeleton and the anatomy of the ossicles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Comparative anatomy allowed the scoring of 115 phylogenetically informative characters. The consensus tree resulting from the analysis recovers Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, Zoroasteridae and Brisingida as monophyletic. All types of morphological features contribute to tree resolution and may be appropriate for taxon diagnosis. The synapomorphies supporting different clades are described and discussed. Brisingida and Zoroasteridae are the best-supported clades. The potentially challenging position of Brisingida in the tree may be explained by homoplastic changes, but also by the presence of numerous non-applicable characters.

New perspectives on Nephridiacanthus major (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) collected from hedgehogs in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.M. Amin ◽  
M. Sharifdini ◽  
R.A. Heckmann ◽  
M. Zarean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

We describe morphological features not previously reported for this old acanthocephalan Nephridiacanthus major (Bremser, 1811 in Westrumb, 1821) Golvan, 1962 first described over 200 years ago. Our specimens were collected from long-eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) (Erinaceidae) in Iran. We compare the morphometrics of our material with others previously reported from the same host in Iran, Russia, central Asia and Europe. Our specimens had markedly smaller proboscides, proboscis hooks and lemnisci than those reported from Russia and central Asia, but comparable measurements of other structures with specimens previously described from other collections. We document our new observations with scanning electron microscopy features not previously demonstrable by other observers and provide a chemical analysis of proboscis hooks using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis for the first time. The molecular profile of this acanthocephalan, based on 18S rDNA and cox1 genes, was generated for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis showed that N. major is placed in a clade of the family Oligacanthorhynchidae, well separated from the families Moniliformidae and Gigantorhynchidae.

scholarly journals Balantidium grimi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Litostomatea), a new species inhabiting the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa from Lishui, China

Parasite ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weishan Zhao ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Runqiu Wang ◽  
Yingzhen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

Balantidium grimi n. sp. is described from the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa (Amphibia, Dicroglossidae) from Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. The new species is described by both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a molecular phylogenetic analysis is also presented. This species has unique morphological features in that the body shape is somewhat flattened and the vestibulum is “V”-shaped, occupying nearly 3/8 to 4/7 of the body length. Only one contractile vacuole, situated at the posterior body, was observed. The phylogenetic analysis based on SSU-rDNA indicates that B. grimi groups together with B. duodeni and B. entozoon. In addition, the genus Balantidium is clearly polyphyletic.

scholarly journals Joermungandr bolti , an exceptionally preserved ‘microsaur’ from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte reveals patterns of integumentary evolution in Recumbirostra

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 210319
Author(s):  
Arjan Mann ◽  
Ami S. Calthorpe ◽  
Hillary C. Maddin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Mazon Creek ◽  
Single Part ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Carboniferous Pennsylvanian-aged (309–307 Ma) Mazon Creek Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest fossils of major Palaeozoic tetrapod lineages. Recently, several new tetrapod specimens collected from Mazon Creek have come to light, including the earliest fossorially adapted recumbirostrans. Here, we describe a new long-bodied recumbirostran, Joermungandr bolti gen. et sp. nov., known from a single part and counterpart concretion bearing a virtually complete skeleton. Uniquely, Joermungandr preserves a full suite of dorsal, flank and ventral dermal scales, together with a series of thinned and reduced gastralia. Investigation of these scales using scanning electron microscopy reveals ultrastructural ridge and pit morphologies, revealing complexities comparable to the scale ultrastructure of extant snakes and fossorial reptiles, which have scales modified for body-based propulsion and shedding substrate. Our new taxon also represents an important early record of an elongate recumbirostran bauplan, wherein several features linked to fossoriality, including a characteristic recumbent snout, are present. We used parsimony phylogenetic methods to conduct phylogenetic analysis using the most recent recumbirostran-focused matrix. The analysis recovers Joermungandr within Recumbirostra with likely affinities to the sister clades Molgophidae and Brachystelechidae. Finally, we review integumentary patterns in Recumbirostra, noting reductions and losses of gastralia and osteoderms associated with body elongation and, thus, probably also associated with increased fossoriality.

Description of larva of Amblyomma romitii (Acari: Ixodidae) by optical and scanning electron microscopy, including porotaxy and phylogenetic analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darci M. Barros-Battesti ◽  
Diego G. Ramirez ◽  
Janio dos Santos Sampaio ◽  
Katia M. Famadas ◽  
João Luiz H. Faccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron

scholarly journals Nutlet Micromorphology and Character Evolution of Some Species of Rochelieae (Boraginaceae) and Its Systematic Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Ebadi ◽  
Sedigheh Nikzat
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Significance ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Micro Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Background: The macro/micro-morphology of nutlets in 11 species (and 22 accessions) of the Boraginaceae family was investigated by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of these traits. To evaluate the phylogenetic significance of the character evolution, available DNA sequence data from GenBank were combined with selected original nutlet data, and phylogenetic analysis was performed.Results: The Rochelieae nutlets' shape varied from ovoid (ovoid, ovoid-triangular, and ovoid-rectangular) to the pyramid. Six major patterns were recognized based on nutlet ultrastructure characters. Rocheliae is characterized by a transition from “without appendage” to “with tubercles and prickles” on the nutlet disk, and also by a shift from “lack of prickles” to “glossy prickles”.Conclusions: The results indicated that the nutlet ultrastructure pattern of Rochelieae is systematically informative at the genus level, but not at the species level. The results showed that glochid is not an ancestral trait but is a synapomorphy and the transition to this trait occurred in the genus Lappula. The Close boundary of nutlet microstructures between L. barbata and L. microcarpa was discussed.

scholarly journals The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2071-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Lengerer ◽  
Marie Bonneel ◽  
Mathilde Lefevre ◽  
Elise Hennebert ◽  
Philippe Leclère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Tube Feet ◽  
Scanning Electron

Background: Marine biological adhesives are a promising source of inspiration for biomedical and industrial applications. Nevertheless, natural adhesives and especially temporary adhesion systems are mostly unexplored. Sea stars are able to repeatedly attach and detach their hydraulic tube feet. This ability is based on a duo-gland system and, upon detachment, the adhesive material stays behind on the substrate as a 'footprint'. In recent years, characterization of sea star temporary adhesion has been focussed on the forcipulatid species Asterias rubens. Results: We investigated the temporary adhesion system in the distantly related valvatid species Asterina gibbosa. The morphology of tube feet was described using histological sections, transmission-, and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural investigations revealed two adhesive gland cell types that both form electron-dense secretory granules with a more lucid outer rim and one de-adhesive gland cell type with homogenous granules. The footprints comprised a meshwork on top of a thin layer. This topography was consistently observed using various methods like scanning electron microscopy, 3D confocal interference microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and light microscopy with crystal violet staining. Additionally, we tested 24 commercially available lectins and two antibodies for their ability to label the adhesive epidermis and footprints. Out of 15 lectins labelling structures in the area of the duo-gland adhesive system, only one also labelled footprints indicating the presence of glycoconjugates with α-linked mannose in the secreted material. Conclusion: Despite the distant relationship between the two sea star species, the morphology of tube feet and topography of footprints in A. gibbosa shared many features with the previously described findings in A. rubens. These similarities might be due to the adaptation to a benthic life on rocky intertidal areas. Lectin- and immuno-labelling indicated similarities but also some differences in adhesive composition between the two species. Further research on the temporary adhesive of A. gibbosa will allow the identification of conserved motifs in sea star adhesion and might facilitate the development of biomimetic, reversible glues.

scholarly journals Nutlet micromorphology and character evolution of Lappula species (Boraginaceae) and its systematic implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Ebadi ◽  
Sedigheh Nikzat
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Significance ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Micro Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Background The macro/micro-morphology of nutlets in 11 species (and 22 accessions) of the Boraginaceae family was investigated using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of the traits. To evaluate the phylogenetic significance of the character evolution, phylogenetic analysis was carried out by comparing available DNA sequence data from GenBank with selected original nutlet data. Results The Rochelieae nutlets' shape varied from ovoid (ovoid, ovoid-triangular, and ovoid-rectangular) to pyramid. Six major patterns were recognized based on the nutlet ultrastructure characters. Rocheliae is characterized by a transition from “without appendage” to “with tubercles and prickles” on the nutlet disk, and also via a shift from “lack of prickles” to “glossy prickles”. Conclusions The results show that the nutlet ultrastructure pattern of Rochelieae is systematically informative at the genus level, but not at the species level. Findings demonstrated that glochid is not an ancestral trait but is a synapomorphy and the transition to this trait occurred in the genus Lappula. The close boundary of nutlet microstructures between L. barbata and L. microcarpa has been discussed.

scholarly journals Morphological diversity of foliar trichomes in Asteraceae from Sand-fields of the Pampa biome, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Hoehnea ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Liesenfeld ◽  
Patrícia Gentz ◽  
Elisete Maria de Freitas ◽  
Shirley Martins
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Pampa Biome ◽  
The Family ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACT Asteraceae is the largest family of angiosperms and occurs predominantly in grassland areas. This study aimed to identify and characterize the foliar trichomes of 34 Asteraceae species from Sand-fields of the Pampa biome, by means of epidermal analyzes (front and transverse view) under light and scanning electron microscopy. Eleven types of trichomes were identified and characterized: three glandular (recurved on the epidermis, erect-capitate and uniseriate to multiseriate vesicular-capitate) and eight non-glandular (simple conical, flagellate-filiform, aseptate-flagellate, whip-like, oblique-flagellate, branched with one arm, branched with two T-shaped arms, branched with three or more arms). The most representative glandular type was the uniseriate to multiseriate vesicular-capitate (58%) and the non-glandular type was the simple conical (35%). A large number of trichomes is an adaptive strategy to the adverse conditions of the Pampa biome and its morphological diversity can be useful in the family systematics.

scholarly journals The variability of antennal sensilla in Naucoridae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Nowińska ◽  
Jolanta Brożek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Sensilla Basiconica ◽  
Sensilla Trichodea ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of sensilla on the surface of the antennae of the naucorids’ species were studied via scanning electron microscopy. Eleven types of sensilla were identified regarding specific sensory modalities, based on their cuticular morphology. Cuticle morphology identifies five types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, one type of sensillum coeloconicum and sensillum ampullaceum. Three new types of mechanosensitive sensilla were found. Moreover, the morphological diversity between the antennae allowed the distinction of ten different antennal types that correspond to different sensillar sets. The sensilla found in Naucoridae share similarities with the sensilla of other nepomorphan taxa, as well as of terrestrial insects. However, no sensillar synapomorphy was found between Naucoridae and Aphelocheiridae.

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