Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Vegetative Compatibility Grouping of Verticillium Isolates from Spinach Seed

In 2005, Verticillium dahliae was first reported to be pathogenic to spinach seed crops in the Pacific Northwest, with symptoms only developing after initiation of the reproductive stage of plant growth, and to be prevalent on commercial spinach seed lots produced in Denmark, The Netherlands, and the United States. In this study, the genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and virulence were examined for a collection of isolates of Verticillium spp. from spinach as well as other hosts (alfalfa, cotton, lettuce, mint, peppermint, potato, radish, and tomato) from various countries and from different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Of a total of 210 isolates of V. dahliae obtained from spinach seed produced in Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, or the United States, 128 were assigned to VCG 4B (89% of 91 U.S. isolates, 86% of 42 isolates from the Netherlands, 19% of 43 Denmark isolates, and 8% of 13 New Zealand isolates), 65 to VCG 2B (92% of the New Zealand isolates, 79% of the Denmark isolates, 14% of the Netherlands isolates, and 9% of the U.S. isolates), and 3 to VCG 2A (2% of each of the Denmark and U.S. isolates, and 0% of the Netherlands and New Zealand isolates); 14 isolates could not be assigned to a VCG. Although little variation in the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was observed among isolates within each Verticillium sp., the ITS region readily differentiated isolates of the species V. dahliae, V. tricorpus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens (formerly V. nigrescens) obtained from spinach seed. Greenhouse pathogenicity assays on spinach, cotton, lettuce, and tomato plants using isolates of V. dahliae (n = 29 to 34 isolates), V. tricorpus (n = 3), G. nigrescens (n = 2), and V. albo-atrum (n = 1) originally obtained from these hosts as well as from alfalfa, mint, peppermint, potato, and radish, revealed a wide range in virulence among the isolates. Isolates of V. tricorpus and G. nigrescens recovered from spinach seed and an isolate of V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were not pathogenic on spinach. In addition, isolates of V. dahliae from mint and peppermint were not pathogenic or only weakly virulent on the hosts evaluated. Although there was a wide range in virulence among the isolates of V. dahliae tested, all of the V. dahliae isolates caused Verticillium wilt symptoms on spinach, lettuce, tomato, and cotton. None of the isolates of V. dahliae showed host specificity. These results indicate that Verticillium and related species associated with spinach seed display substantial variability in virulence and pathogenicity to spinach and other plants but the V. dahliae isolates were restricted to three VCGs.

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Twenty-five years of Norwegian sovereignty in Svalbard, 1925–50

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400040584 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 6 (42) ◽

pp. 179-184

Author(s):

Anders K. Orvin

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

New Zealand ◽

Great Britain ◽

The Netherlands ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

White Island

By a treaty signed in Paris on 9 February 1920, Norway was given the sovereignty of Svalbard, comprising all the islands situated between longs. 10° and 35° E. and lats. 74° and 81° N., thus including Spitsbergen, Bjørnøya (Bear Island), Hopen (Hope Island), Kong Karls Land, and Kvitøya (White Island). The treaty, which has since been recognized by a number of other states, was signed by the United States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, the Dominions of Canada and New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, India, and Sweden. The U.S.S.R. recognized Norway's sovereignty of Svalbard in 1924 but did not sign the treaty until 1935; Germany signed the treaty in 1925. On 14 August 1925, Norway formally took possession and the Norwegian flag was hoisted in Longyearbyen. Since then, twenty-five years have elapsed, and in honour of the occasion the anniversary was celebrated at Longyearbyen in 1950.

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Anatomy of a Digital Project – The UCLA AIDS Poster Collection

Microform and Imaging Review ◽

10.1515/mfir.2007.49 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Davison ◽

Katharine E. S. Donahue

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Hong Kong ◽

United Kingdom ◽

New Zealand ◽

Costa Rica ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Papua New Guinea ◽

The United States ◽

Special Collections ◽

The United Kingdom

In August of 2004 the History & Special Collections of the Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, UCLA purchased a collection of 625 AIDS posters from 44 countries including Australia, Austria, Canada, China (and Hong Kong), Costa Rica, France, Germany, India, Japan, Luxembourg, Martinique, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Tahiti, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The posters were issued by a variety of institutions and organizations to educate and warn people about AIDS and to offer advice and information in visual form. Some are more blunt and graphic than others, and they come in many styles.

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On the Identity of the Weedy Bittercresses (Cardamine : Brassicaceae) in United States Nurseries: Evidence from Molecules and Morphology

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-10-00063.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 123-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Angela R. Post ◽

Regina Ali ◽

Alexander Krings ◽

Jenny Xiang ◽

Brian R. Sosinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Interacting Protein ◽

Cardamine Flexuosa ◽

Container Nurseries

Bittercress (Brassicaceae) is one of the most prolific and costly weeds of the container nursery industry. Bittercress accessions from container nurseries throughout the major production zones in the United States were examined and compared with herbarium specimens. The identity of these weedy bittercress species were further explored using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the nrDNA region for the COP1-interacting protein 7 (CIP7). Four species of bittercress were detected in the nursery industry of the United States, including New Zealand bittercress, hairy bittercress, flexuous bittercress, and little bittercress. The taxon referred to here as Cardamine flexuosa With. (flexuous bittercress) likely contains two genotypes previously reported as European C. flexuosa and Asian C. flexuosa. Phylogenetic relationships between the four species we examined, particularly in relationship to flexuous bittercress, were not fully resolved by the molecular evidence generated for this study. New Zealand bittercress is nonnative and does not appear in current keys to the species for the United States. Flexuous bittercress is also an alien species, which appears in some U.S. keys but not in all. To aid nurserymen and botanists in identification of these four closely related bittercress species, a key was developed and is accompanied by detailed descriptions and illustrations.

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An Agreement Establishing the South Pacific Commission, Signed February 6, 1947, in Canberra, Australia.

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300006421 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 419-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

New Zealand ◽

Great Britain ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

The Netherlands ◽

United States Of America ◽

South Pacific ◽

The United States ◽

The United Kingdom

The Governments of Australia, the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, (hereinafter referred to as “the participating Governments”),

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South Pacific Commission

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300006275 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 368-370

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

The Netherlands ◽

South Pacific ◽

The United States ◽

The South ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Social ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Pacific Area

Experience gained from the functioning of the Caribbean Commission provided a working basis for the creation of the South Pacific Commission, since four of the six participating governments at the South Seas Conference were already members of the Caribbean Commission, a similar regional organization. Delegations representing the governments which administer non-self-governing territories in the South Pacific area (Australia, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States) met at the South Seas Conference at Canberra from January 28 to February 6, 1947, to prepare an agreement for the establishment of a regional commission which might aid in promoting the social and economic advancement of 2,000,000 peoples in the South Pacific. The Conference was called by the Australian and New Zealand governments in fulfilment of the Canberra Pact of January, 1944.

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International Whaling Commission

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300022359 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 424-424

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

United Kingdom ◽

New Zealand ◽

The Netherlands ◽

The United States ◽

Vice Chairman ◽

International Whaling Commission ◽

New Methods ◽

The United Kingdom

The International Whaling Commission held its fourth meeting in London from June 3 to June 6, 1952. Represented were all of the seventeen member governments except Mexico, namely: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Sweden, the Union of South Africa, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission elected Dr. Remington Kellogg (United States) chairman, and Dr. J. G. Lienesh (the Netherlands) vice-chairman. Amendments to paragraph 6, paragraph 8 (c), and paragraph 8 (e) of the schedule of the International Whaling Convention were adopted at the meeting, and entered into force in September 1952. In closing, the Commission agreed that research in new methods of whale marking should be pursued, “but if funds should not allow this, marking by the existing methods should continue. The current catch limits … were extended to the 1952/53 season, retaining the same opening date now in force.”

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Traceability of Marketable Japanese Shoro in New Zealand: Using Multiplex PCR To Exploit Phylogeographic Variation among Taxa in the Rhizopogon Subgenus Roseoli

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02191-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 294-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sandra B. Visnovsky ◽

Alexis Guerin-Laguette ◽

Yun Wang ◽

Andrew R. Pitman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Its Region ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

The United States ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Rhizopogon Roseolus ◽

Phenotypic Differences

ABSTRACT Rhizopogon roseolus Corda (synonym Rhizopogon rubescens Tul.), an economically important edible mushroom associated with the Pinaceae (mostly Pinus sp.), has a global distribution resulting from the introduction of exotic trees into the Southern Hemisphere for plantation forestry. However, the marketability of R. roseolus varies with the place of origin. R. roseolus strains cultivated in New Zealand from local carpophores for the Japanese market are morphologically and biologically distinct from those produced in Japan and are consequently considered less valuable. In this study, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) region was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of R. roseolus and other closely related fungi belonging to Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli to determine the genetic basis for phenotypic differences among R. roseolus isolates from different geographic regions. Phylogenetic comparison revealed phylogeographic variation within Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli. Collections from the United States and Europe grouped into four distinct clades. Rhizopogon roseolus isolates found in New Zealand were closely related to those from the United States, likely due to introduction of Pinus radiata from its native California in the United States. In contrast, Japanese R. roseolus isolates clustered closely with European collections. Phylogenetic differences between Japanese and New Zealand R. roseolus isolates may explain the morphological and biological properties attributed to these geographical variants. The ITS region was subsequently used to design a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous identification of Japanese and New Zealand R. roseolus isolates to track the establishment of ectomycorrhiza on P. radiata seedlings inoculated with commercially valuable R. roseolus. This diagnostic demonstrated the first fruiting of Japanese shoro cultivated on P. radiata in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Resistance to Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in tomato landraces from Mexico

10.1101/605188 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

José A. Garzón-Tiznado ◽

Carlos A. López-Orona ◽

Luciano Castro-Espinoza ◽

Sixto Velarde-Félix ◽

Marely G. Figueroa-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

Central America ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Plant Pathogen ◽

The United States ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Wide Range ◽

Resistant Sources ◽

United States Mexico

AbstractCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) is an economically important plant-pathogen of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. Currently, there are no reports of resistance to CLso in tomato cultivars. Identification and development of CLso-resistant cultivars may offer the most efficient way to manage this tomato disease. Resistance of 46 tomato landraces collected in different regions of Mexico, representing a wide range of genetic variability from this country was evaluated. Two assays were done in consecutively years to assess the resistance to CLso under greenhouse conditions. Plants from both tests were inoculated with CLso through 20 Bactericera cockerelli insects per plant. In the first trial, landraces FC22 and FC44 showed a significantly higher proportion of resistant plants, less symptoms severity, and longer incubation time, followed by landraces FC40 and FC33 compared with the rest of the 42 landraces and 2 susceptible cultivars 60 days post inoculation (dpi). In the second assay, only landraces FC22 and FC44 had again significantly higher proportion of resistant plants, less symptoms severity, relative lower CLso titers, and longer incubation time in comparison with landraces FC40 and FC33 and the two susceptible cultivars 60 dpi, corroborating their resistance to CLso. Presence of CLso DNA in all resistant plants from both assays discards scape plants and indicates that the methodology used was adequate to discriminate between resistant and susceptible plants. These results confirm that landraces FC22 and FC44 are promising resistant sources for the development of CLso-resistant cultivars of tomato.Author summaryThe bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (CLso) is an important plant-pathogen of tomato crops in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. Tomato growers are lacking of cultivars with resistance to this pathogen and the development of resistant cultivars of this crop would make a sustainable business for these growers and healthy tomato consumption for humans. Tomato landraces from countries that are center of domestication of cultivated crops like Mexico, are potentially sources of resistance to plant-pathogens. Therefore, two tests were done looking for resistance sources to this pathogen and we found two tomato landraces (FC22 and FC44) showing high level of resistance to CLso because they had significantly higher resistant plants, less symptoms severity, lower CLso DNA concentration, and delay of the first symptoms in the inoculated plants in comparison with the two commercial cultivars and 44 tomato landraces collected from Mexico 60 days post infection. These landraces are promising resistant sources for the development of CLso-resistant cultivars of tomato.

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First Report of Colletotrichum phormii Causing Anthracnose on New Zealand Flax in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-12-1155-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (8) ◽

pp. 1115-1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Serdani ◽

S. Rooney-Latham ◽

K. M. Wallis ◽

C. L. Blomquist

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Production Costs ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

California Department ◽

First Report

Phormium colensoi Hook.f. (syn. P. cookianum), New Zealand flax, (family Xanthorrhoeaceae) is popular in ornamental landscapes in the United States because of its sturdy blade-like foliage available in diverse colors. In February 2012, the Oregon State University Plant Clinic received three potted plants of P. colensoi ‘Black Adder’ from a commercial nursery in Santa Cruz County, California. The margins and midribs of several leaves had brown lesions that were variable in size, and fusiform to ellipsoidal in shape. Embedded in the lesions were black acervuli without setae that exuded salmon-colored spore masses under moist conditions. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical to fusiform, straight to slightly curved, and 22.4 to 35.2 × 4.0 to 6.4 (average 24.7 × 4.9) μm. Based on morphology, the fungus was confirmed by USDA-APHIS National Identification Services to be Colletotrichum phormii (Henn.) D.F. Farr & Rossman (2). In March 2012, the California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab received additional samples from the same nursery lot (25% disease incidence) from which a similar fungus was recovered. rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from the California isolate (GenBank KC122681), amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2), were 100% identical to multiple species of Colletotrichum, including C. phormii by a BLAST query (JQ948446 through JQ948453). ITS sequence similarity alone is not sufficient to address Colletotrichum taxonomy and must be used in combination with host range and morphology (1). Pathogenicity of C. phormii (isolate CDFA986) was tested on three ‘Black Adder’ plants, which were inoculated with 6-mm agar plugs from a 14-day-old culture grown on half strength potato dextrose agar (PDA). Leaves were wound-inoculated along the midrib using colonized plugs (4). Five leaves per plant were inoculated with C. phormii plugs and five leaves per plant were treated with uncolonized PDA agar plugs as controls. Plants were sprayed with water and incubated in plastic bags at 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 48 h, the bags and caps were removed and plants were kept under the same conditions. Two weeks later, water-soaked lesions had developed on the inoculated leaves. Lesions expanded along the midrib and became fusiform in shape after 21 to 28 days. C. phormii was isolated from lesion margins of all the inoculated leaves, but not from control leaves. This experiment was repeated once with similar results. Another Colletotrichum species, C. gloeosporiodes, also occurs on Phormium spp., but differs from C. phormii in morphology and symptom expression. Subsequent nursery and landscape surveys showed that anthracnose caused by C. phormii occurs on several P. colensoi cultivars as well as on P. tenax in five California counties including Santa Cruz, Yolo, Sacramento, San Luis Obispo, and Solano. C. phormii is also reported to infect P. colensoi and P. tenax in New Zealand, Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. phormii causing anthracnose on Phormium in North America. This disease could impact the American nursery trade and New Zealand flax production due to crop loss and increased production costs for pest management. References: (1) J. Crouch et al. Mycologia 101:648, 2009. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Mycol. Res. 110:1395, 2006. (3). H. Golzar and C. Wang. Australas. Plant Pathol. 5:110, 2010. (4) L. E. Yakabe et al. Plant Dis. 93:883, 2009.

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South Pacific Commission

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300002320 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 526-528

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

New Zealand ◽

The Netherlands ◽

New Caledonia ◽

South Pacific ◽

The United States ◽

The South ◽

The United Kingdom

The 21st session of the South Pacific Commission was held at Commission headquarters in Nouméa, New Caledonia, from October 13 to 25, 1960. It was attended by representatives from the Commission's six member nations—Australia, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States; the chairman was Mr. Dudley McCarthy, senior commissioner for Australia. The meeting reviewed progress made by the Commission in all its fields of work during the year under consideration and approved plans for its 1961 program.

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