Susceptibility of rosaceous pome and stone fruits to postharvest rot by Paecilomyces niveus

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Wei Wang ◽  
Kathie T. Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Shelf Stable ◽  
And Control

Paecilomyces rot of apples is a postharvest disease caused by Paecilomyces niveus, a problematic spoiling agent of fruit juices and derivatives. Processing fruits infected with Paecilomyces rot can lead to juices contaminated with P. niveus ascospores. These ascospores are heat-resistant and may survive food processing and germinate in finished products. Because the fungus produces the mycotoxin patulin, juice spoilage by P. niveus is an important health hazard. Little is known about the disease biology and control mechanisms of this recently described postharvest disease. The range of fruit products contaminated by P. niveus and patulin led us to hypothesize that the host range of Paecilomyces rot is broader than previously thought. Following Koch’s postulates, we determined that multiple untested rosaceous fruits and popular apple cultivars are susceptible to Paecilomyces rot infection, and that these infected fruits contain significant levels of patulin. We also observed that two closely related food spoiling fungi, Paecilomyces fulvus and Paecilomyces variotti, were unable to infect, cause symptoms in, or grow in wounded fruits. Hence, we challenge the assumption that P. niveus spoilage inoculum is introduced to foods solely through environmental sources, and show that other economically important rosaceous fruits, peaches, pears, sweet cherries and sour cherries, are susceptible to infection and can also serve as sources of spoilage inoculum. Our results highlight the unique abilities of Paecilomyces niveus to infect a variety of fruits, produce patulin, and form resistant spores capable of spoiling normally shelf-stable products.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of rosaceous fruits and apple cultivars to postharvest rot by Paecilomyces niveus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Wei Wang ◽  
Kathie Therese Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Shelf Stable ◽  
And Control ◽  
Apple Fruits

Paecilomyces rot of apples is a postharvest disease caused by Paecilomyces niveus, a problematic spoiling agent of fruit juices and derivatives. The fungus produces ascospores that can survive food processing and germinate in finished fruit products. Processing apple fruits infected with Paecilomyces rot can lead to P. niveus contaminated juices. Because the fungus produces the mycotoxin patulin, juice spoilage by P. niveus is an important health hazard. Little is known about the disease biology and control mechanisms of this recently described postharvest disease. Following Kochs postulates, we determined that a range of previously untested rosaceous fruits and popular apple cultivars are susceptible to Paecilomyces rot infection. We also observed that two closely related food spoiling fungi, Paecilomyces fulvus and Paecilomyces variotti, were unable to infect, cause symptoms in, or reproduce in wounded fruits. Our results highlight the unique abilities of Paecilomyces niveus to infect a variety of fruits, produce patulin, and form highly-resistant spores capable of spoiling normally shelf-stable products.

Continuous Miner Noise

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-292
Author(s):  
J. Robertson ◽  
J. Kovac ◽  
R. Bartholomae
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Continuous Miner ◽  
Coal Cutting ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Band Spectra ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
And Control

Noise generated by continuous miners in underground coal production is an important health hazard. Bureau of Mines contract J0387229 charters investigation and control of this noise through laboratory tests of simulated cutting operations and through in-mine noise measurements. The results of these investigations indicate that coal cutting noise and conveyor noise are dominant sources of miner operational noise. Typical noise levels for both cutting and conveying operations are approximately 97 dBA. For full operation of all machine systems, the overall sound pressure level is approximately 101 dBA. In-mine and laboratory test results show excellent agreement in both A-weighted overall levels as well as A-weighted one-third octave band spectra.

Pathogenicity and Control of Phacidium lacerum, an Emerging Pome Fruit Pathogen in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 3124-3130
Author(s):  
I. K. Ozturk ◽  
A. Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
And Control

Phacidium lacerum (anamorph Ceuthospora pinastri) is a recently reported quarantine fungal pathogen responsible for postharvest rot in apples and pears. Very little is known about its pathogenicity, epidemiology, and best management practices. We screened pathogenicity of P. lacerum on twigs from seven and fruit from nine major commercial apple cultivars. Among the nine cultivars tested, detached fruit of Honeycrisp and Gala cultivars were the most susceptible, whereas WA38 (Cosmic Crisp) was the least susceptible (P < 0.05). Effective concentrations to inhibit 50% growth (EC50) were determined in 41 baseline P. lacerum isolates. The mean EC50 values for four postharvest fungicides, i.e., fludioxonil (FDL), difenoconazole (DIF), thiabendazole (TBZ), and pyrimethanil (PYRI) were 0.16, 0.38, 0.54, and 0.72 µg/ml, respectively. The mean EC50 values for four preharvest fungicides, i.e., pyraclostrobin (PYRA), fluxapyroxad (FLUX), boscalid (BOSC), and fluopyram (FLUP) were 0.96, 12.64, 16.54, and 44.46 µg/ml, respectively. In situ efficacy trials were conducted on detached Gala apples treated preventively and curatively with the aforementioned fungicides. After 6 months of storage at 1°C, FDL and DIF provided full control followed by TBZ and PYRI, whereas the other preharvest fungicides provided fair or low efficacies. Findings of this study shed light on pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen and provide necessary knowledge for effective management of Phacidium rot.

Sea Disposal of Sludge – The U.K. Experience

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Fish
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
And Control

A broad summary is made of the U.K. experience in sea-disposal of sewage sludge, embracing operations and effects, and control mechanisms, at disposal authority, national and international levels. The conclusion is reached that U.K. practice, while not perfect and in need of more research, is satisfactory and could be extended without causing environmental damage.

scholarly journals Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1942
Author(s):  
Ilche Gjuroski ◽  
Julien Furrer ◽  
Martina Vermathen
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Non Covalent Interactions ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Covalent Interactions

Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin–macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.

On Some Issues of Legal Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Retail Market: the Concept of “Pharmacy Chains”, Special Antitrust Laws and Control Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
A. N. Varlamova
Keyword(s):  
Product Market ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Competitive Relations ◽  
And Control

Competition in the pharmaceutical market is a necessary factor providing an opportunity for citizens to purchase quality goods at affordable prices. Regulation of competitive relations in the market in question can and should have its own characteristics. Opposing monopolization of the retail market by pharmacy chains, setting “reasonable” prices, providing preferential treatment for Russian manufacturers in the promotion of goods are the issues that the legislator should pay attention to when improving regulation of this industry product market.

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