International trade between Hungary and Russia within the development of the pharmaceutical industry

The global pharmaceutical market is one of the most innovative and dynamically developing sectors of the global economy. In addition, this industry can be considered highly profitable. Its role has especially increased in the context during the coronavirus pandemic. This article examines trade relations between Russia and Hungary in the pharmaceutical sector. For the Hungarian economy, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the traditional and most innovative sectors of the economy: about 86% of the manufactured products are exported. Hungary is among the top 20 largest exporting and importing countries of pharmaceutical products. The main partners of Hungary are the EU countries. Russia remains an important partner of Hungary in the export of pharmaceutical products, however, it we should note the downward trend of the Russian share in Hungarian exports, due to the sanctions policy on the part of the EU. After the imposition of sanctions in 2014, the growth rate of the Russian pharmaceutical market slowed down, which also negatively affected the volume of trade cooperation with European partners. Russia has traditionally been a major importer in the global pharmaceutical market. An important problem is the reduction of drug import dependence and the expansion of exports. For Russia, this will be possible thanks to the development of unique innovative products. Hungary is an attractive country for the development and expansion of Russia's trade relations in the global pharmaceutical market. For both countries, the pharmaceutical industry is strategically important. The situation with the coronavirus pandemic has shown that political differences can be leveled. Hungary became the first European country to conclude a contract with Russia for the supply of Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine. Thus, there is a high economic potential to make up for the lost pharmaceutical relationship between the two countries.

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis

Several low molecular weight naphthoquinones are very useful in organic synthesis. These compounds have given rise to thousands of other naphthoquinones that have been tested against various microorganisms and pharmacological targets, including being used in the preparation of several drugs that are on the pharmaceutical market. Among these naphthoquinones, the series of compounds prepared from 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts (β-NQS) stands out. In addition to being used in organic synthesis, they are excellent analytical derivatization reagents to spectrophotometrically determine drugs containing primary and secondary amino groups. This review summarizes the literature involving β-NQS.

The analysis of barriers to entry into the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine is characterized by a tendency to dominate imports over exports, which indicates its economic attractiveness for foreign companies that face various obstacles when entering the market. Entry barriers are understood as factors of an objective or subjective nature that prevent new firms from organizing profitable operations in the industry. The presence and impact of market barriers prove the need for their identification and comprehensive research. It has been established that when entering the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, there are restrictive barriers related to state policy (for example, licensing, registration of medicines, examination, certification, etc.), barriers due to competition, and barriers of a non-legal nature. The results of the analysis of the competitive situation as a possible barrier characterize the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine as a market of free competition, which contributes to the relatively free entry of foreign manufacturers. Market entry barriers are also caused by anti-competitive behavior such as mergers and acquisitions, unfair competition, informal agreements, and so on. The results of the research can be used in making decisions about entering new markets or market segments for pharmaceutical companies, in forming competitive advantages and business strategies in order to develop potential in the long term.

CHARACTERISTICS AND SUBSTANTIATION OF THE USE OF PELLETS AS A MODERN DOSAGE FORM ON THE MARKET OF UKRAINE

currently, omeprazole pellets are one of the most common pellet formulations on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine (Gorobets, Matyash, Pekhenko & Barna, 2019). This medication is available in capsule form. Pellets are multi particular dosage forms that have several advantages over monoparticular dosage forms; therefore, pellets are promising oral delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Pellets are used when the stability of the active substance changes with fluctuations in the pH of the environment, when irritation of the gastric mucosa is possible, to facilitate swallowing (especially important for patients with dysphagia, elderly patients, and children). When using polymers in the shell, it is possible to regulate the release in a certain part of the gastrointestinal tract, this allows you to get a point pharmacological effect. In addition, pellets can be of different sizes (from 0.1 to 2 mm), because of their shape, pellets exhibit abrasion resistance and are more fluid. Omeprazole is a synthetic substance. The active ingredient suppresses gastric acid secretion. In refers to the pharmaceutical group of proton pump inhibitors, it prescribes drugs in this group to treat active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, pathological hypersecretory conditions, for example, Zollinger Ellison syndrome. Among the most commonly used methods for the production of pellets are: stage-by-stage spraying of solutions or suspensions (the second name is stage-by-stage layering); direct pelletization (the second name is extrusion-spheronization); spray drying and spray cooling of melts; agglomeration-spheronization. Unfortunately, at the moment, none of the Ukrainian manufacturers is manufactured enteric pellets on their own (they buy ready-made pellets), while there are medicines of both foreign and Ukrainian origin on the domestic market. The article contains an overview of pharmaceutical preparations as pellets, systematization of information on production methods, a review of omeprazole drugs as pellets, presented on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. The purpose of this study was to summarize the cases when the use of such a form as pellets is the most reasonable; make an overview of medicines in Ukraine containing pellets; summarize modern methods of pellet production.

PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET ASSORTMENT RESEARCH OF DRUGS FOR VAGINAL USE WITH PROBIOTIC MEDICINES DETAILING

vaginal route delivery of drugs is an integral part of gynaecological diseases treatment including different genesis vulvovaginitis. The aim of this study it to analyze Ukrainian pharmaceutical market assortment of drugs for vaginal use with probiotic medicines determination. The marketing research was conducted with using of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, content-analysis, statistical, graphical methods. The data of State register of medicines (as of June, 30, 2021), register of wholesale dispensing prices for medicines (as of June, 30, 2021), official web-sites LLC «Morion», «Pharmacy.online», «Compendium.online» were used as objects of the study. As a result, it is determined that as of June 30, 2021 142 medicines for vaginal use are registered on Ukrainian pharmaceutical market with dosage forms, active substances doses, condition for dispensing consideration, 100 brand names, 26 international nonproprietary names, 7 synonymous names. Structural ATC-classification analysis has shown that medicines for vaginal use are included in ATC-groups G «Genito urinary system and sex hormones» and D «Dermatologicals» The assortment macrocontour is formed, it demonstrates that 67,2% of drugs for vaginal use are involved in group G01A «Аntiinfectives and antiseptics, excluding combinations with corticosteroids». More than 80% of drugs for vaginal use are registered as solid dosage forms, and almost half of them as suppositories or pessaries. Almost 65% of medicines are foreign, and 3/4 of them contain only active substance, more than 50% are prescription only medicines. For 44,4% drugs for vaginal use the storage period of 3 years (36 months) is determined. Detailing analysis of medicines with probiotic activity has shown assortment deficiency (only 3 brand names are registered). The liquidity coefficients calculations for this brand manes don’t allow to characterize these drugs as economically affordable. The obtained results of this study inform about the domestic drugs for vaginal use with probiotic activity development relevance, especially in pessaries as dominant dosage form on the pharmaceutical market.

Analysis of the assortment of drugs used in functional gastrointestinal disorders at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

To study the assortment of drugs and dietary products for treating functional gastrointestinal disorders at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in order to determine the feasibility of developing drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material, in particular for children.

Analysis of the domestic market of medicines used for the symptomatic treatment of cough

To study of the range of medicines for the symptomatic treatment of cough at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.

PEDAGOGICAL INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF CASE-STUDY IN TRAINING ON MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING IN PHARMACY IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION

The article substantiates the application of pedagogical innovation and case-study technology in training in management and marketing in pharmacy in the process of forming the professional competence of future masters in higher education institutions. Professional training of masters of the pharmaceutical industry in higher education institutions should be aimed at ensuring the formation of their professional competence for successful professional self-realization of the individual in today's labor market. The strategic landmark of our country's development - European integration determines the modernization of Ukraine's higher education system, which includes modernization processes and improvement of higher pharmaceutical education, in accordance with social conditionality and labor market demands, optimization of integration processes, adaptation to the European pharmaceutical market and labor market. New demands of the pharmaceutical market lead to the improvement of the system of professional training of future specialists in the pharmaceutical industry in higher education institutions on the basis of the competence approach and their readiness to perform professional competencies. It is established that the modernization of educational processes in the training of future masters of the pharmaceutical industry requires the introduction of sectoral and educational innovations and technologies that will ensure their competitiveness in the modern labor market and further development of the pharmaceutical industry in terms of European integration. Cases of professional-pharmaceutical model situations and level diagnostic packages of tests have been developed, which in complex use provides an opportunity to assess students' academic achievements and diagnose the level of professional competence, readiness to implement professional competencies in management and marketing in pharmacy. A systematic analysis and differential assessment of the formation of professional competence and readiness to implement professional pharmaceutical competencies and research competencies of future masters in applied industry research in management and marketing in pharmacy based on students solving professional-pharmaceutical model situations and test tasks diagnostic packages.

Gradient of Russian pharmaceutical market development in covid conditions

In 2020, markets are showing both unpredictable and anticipated development trends. The pharmaceutical market was no exception. Turnover of the commercial drug market in 2020 amounted to 1,128 billion rubles, which is 10.6% more than in the previous year. Parapharmaceutical sales amounted to RUB 279 billion in 2020. In the analyzed period, state purchases of pharmaceuticals reached 634 billion rubles. It was expected an increase in Pharma-2020’s turnover in value terms; the basis for the increase was over-the-counter drugs and domestically produced drugs. At the same time, in the statistics of packaging, a decrease in sales was observed in the commercial sector of medicines — by 2.3%, and in parapharmaceuticals — by 15.4%, and in hospital purchases — by 15.0%. According to the results of the analysis, there is an increase in the consumption of expensive drugs, as well as a redistribution of demand to the segment of large packages. The share of online sales in the pharmaceutical market for the monitored 2020 increased from 5.5% in January to 8.2% in December. The share of expensive drugs in the online segment is higher than in the offline segment.