First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus on Lavandula angustifolia in Poland

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (synonym Lavandula officinalis Chaix), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a plant that is widespread in Mediterranean countries. The species is widely grown as an ornamental crop in Poland. Currently, only Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is known to infect L. latifolia × L. officinalis in Italy (3). In the spring of 2005, we observed yellow mottling, leaf deformation, and growth reduction of L. angustifolia plants from the Agricultural Academy of Kraków collection of medicinal herbs and spices. Mechanical inoculation of a range of indicator plant species, Chenopodium quinoa, Cucumis sativus, Datura strammonium, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum cv. Xanthi, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Spinacia oleracea, with sap from symptomatic L. angustifolia plants resulted in symptoms typical of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Chlorotic local lesions and systemic mosaic were observed after a few days on the tested plant species. However, local lesions did not develop on inoculated C. sativus cotyledons. A lack of systemic infection on Chenopodium quinoa excluded infection by AMV. The sap from symptomatic N. tabacum cv. Xanthi leaves contained spherical virus particles of 29 nm in diameter when examined with electron microscopy. Symptomatic N. tabacum cv. Xanthi leaves were positive for CMV in a double-antibody-ELISA using commercial CMV antiserum (Loewe Biochemica GmbH, Sauerlach, Germany). Total RNA was extracted from infected N. tabacum cv. Xanthi plants by the phenolchloroform method. Reverse transcription-PCR was carried out using specific primers CMVF 5′-CCCACAGGTAGAATCAAAT-3′ and CMVR 5′-ATGGACAAATCTGAATCAAC-3′ (1). The 367-bp amplicon representing a portion of the coat protein gene located in RNA3 was cloned into pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and two clones were sequenced. The fragment sequence (Accession No. EU303304) was compared with homologous sequences of CMV isolates from the GenBank database. Multiple sequence alignment was performed by using Mega 4 (Center for Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Tempe, AZ) (4) and revealed 99% nucleotide and amino acid identity between the Polish isolate of CMV-PL and the RT67 (subgroup II) isolate from the Netherlands (2) To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of CMV on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. in Poland or worldwide. References: (1) N. Borodynko et al. Prog. Plant Protect. 44:604, 2004. (2) Z. Deyong et al. J Virol. Methods 123:101, 2005. (3) L. Giunchedi et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 11:74, 1972. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24:1596, 2007.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus and Turnip vein-clearing virus in Dichondra repens in France, Italy, and China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-2-0201b ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 201-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Cardin ◽

B. Delecolle ◽

B. Moury

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Plantago Lanceolata ◽

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

First Report ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Local Lesions

During surveys of Dichondra repens (kidneyweed, family Convolvulaceae) turfs in public gardens of the Franco-Italian Riviera from 1993 to 2003, leaf mosaic and yellow ringspot symptoms have been observed in Antibes, Menton, Nice, and Vallauris (France) and San Remo and La Mortola (Italy). Isolates from these six locations and from two locations in China (Shanghai and Kunming) have revealed the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) based on the behavior of a range of manually inoculated plants (1), the observation of 30 nm isometric particles in semipurified extracts of inoculated Nicotiana tabacum ‘Xanthi’ plants with the electron microscope, and positive reactions in double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISAs with specific polyclonal antibodies. All isolates were shown to belong to group II of CMV isolates (3) by double-immunodiffusion analysis. CMV was previously identified in D. repens in California in 1972 (4). Following isolation from local lesions on Vigna unguiculata and multiplication in ‘Xanthi’ tobacco plants, two of the isolates were used to inoculate seedlings of D. repens manually or by Aphis gossypii aphids. Two months later, all inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those previously observed and were positive in DAS-ELISA. In 2000, a D. repens sample collected in Antibes showing similar symptoms as above, induced necrotic local lesions in inoculated ‘Xanthi’ plants in 48 h, followed by systemic mosaic symptoms typical of CMV, therefore revealing the presence of a second virus. That virus was separated from CMV in apical, noninoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and then used to inoculate a range of test plants. It was infectious in most plants of the families Solanaceae (including Cyphomandra betacea) and Brassicaceae, together with in Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Claytonia perfoliata, Convolvulus spp. ‘Belle de jour’, Digitalis purpurea, Gomphrena globosa, Ocimum basilicum, Plantago lanceolata, and Valerianella olitoria. It induced asymptomatic systemic infections in D. repens. Numerous, rod-shaped, 300 nm long particles were observed in sap extracts of infected plants with the electron microscope, suggesting the presence of a tobamovirus. A set of primers polyvalent for tobamoviruses (2) allowed the amplification of a DNA product of approximately 800 bp through reverse transcription-PCR performed with total RNA extracts from inoculated ‘Xanthi’ plants. The DNA product was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU927306) revealing that the virus belonged to a tobamovirus lineage including Ribgrass mosaic virus and viruses infecting cruciferous plants (Turnip vein-clearing virus [TVCV] and Youcai mosaic virus) and was closest to TVCV (95% amino acid identity; GenBank Accession No. NC_001873). To our knowledge, this is the first report of TVCV in D. repens. References: (1) L. Cardin et al. Plant Dis. 87:200, 2003. (2) A. Gibbs et al. J. Virol. Methods 74:67, 1998. (3) M. J. Roossinck. J. Virol. 76:3382, 2002. (4) L. G. Weathers and D. J. Gumpf. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:27, 1972.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Desert Rose in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-11-0917 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (4) ◽

pp. 593-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. K. Chen ◽

Y. S. Chang ◽

Y. W. Lin ◽

M. Y. Wu

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Rabbit Antiserum ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Reading Frame ◽

First Report ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Line Patterns

Desert rose (Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult, family Apocynaceae) is native to southeastern Africa, and is a perennial potted ornamental with colorful flowers that are popular in Taiwan. Symptoms of mosaic and chlorotic ringspots and line patterns on leaves were observed in July 2010, on all eight plants in a private garden in Potzu, Chiayi, Taiwan. Spherical virus particles with a diameter of approximately 28 nm were observed in crude sap prepared from symptomatic leaves. Virus culture was established by successive local lesion isolation in Chenopodium quinoa and was maintained in the systemic host Nicotiana tabacum van Hicks. The virus was mechanically transmissible to indicator plants and induced symptoms similar to those incited by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Observed symptoms included local lesions on inoculated leaves of C. amaranticolor and systemic mosaic in Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and N. rustica. On N. tabacum, necrotic ringspots developed on inoculated leaves followed by systemic mosaic. Serological tests using ELISA assays and western blotting indicated that the virus reacted positively to a rabbit antiserum prepared to CMV (4). Amplicons of an expected size (1.1 kb) were obtained in reverse transcription-PCR with primers specific to the 3′-half of CMV RNA 3 (3) using total RNA extracted from infected desert rose and N. tabacum. The amplified cDNA fragment was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. AB667971). Nucleotide sequences of the coat protein open reading frame (CP ORF) (657 nt) had 92 to 96% and 76 to 77% sequence identity to those of CMV in subgroups I (GenBank Accession Nos. NC_001440, D00385, M57602, D28780, and AB008777) and II (GenBank Accession Nos. L15336, AF127976, AF198103, and M21464), respectively. Desert roses infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (1) and CMV (2) have been reported previously. In spite of the plants showing mosaic symptoms similar to that caused by CMV (2) and chlorotic ringspots and line patterns caused by TSWV (1), only CMV was detected in and isolated from these infected desert roses. However, the possibility of mixed infection of CMV and other viruses were not excluded in this research. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection in desert rose plants occurring in Taiwan. References: (1) S. Adkins and C. A. Baker. Plant Dis. 89:526, 2005. (2) C. A. Baker et al. Plant Dis. 87:1007, 2003. (3) Y. K. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:1631, 2001. (4) Y. K. Chen and C. C. Yang. Plant Dis. 89:529, 2005.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Helleborus foetidus in France and Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1263b ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (10) ◽

pp. 1263-1263 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Cardin ◽

J. P. Onesto ◽

B. Moury

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Western Europe ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

White Oak ◽

First Report ◽

Helleborus Foetidus ◽

Group I ◽

Das Elisa

Helleborus foetidus L. (bear's foot) is a perennial plant from the family Ranunculaceae that is common in chalky soils of southern and western Europe. It is grown in gardens for its palm-shaped leaves and early flowers. In 1995, yellow-to-white oak leaf and line patterns in leaves of H. foetidus plants were observed in Hunawihr (Alsace, France). The same symptoms were observed in plants in Entrevaux, Biot, and Gourdon (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France) in 2000 and 2001, in Triora (Liguria, Italy) in 2002, and on cv. Western Flisk in a nursery in Nice (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France) in 2002. Samples collected from these six locations contained six isolates that were further characterized. Sap extracted from symptomatic plants was mechanically inoculated onto Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Xanthi-nc and Samsun, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Vigna unguiculata cv. Black, and Cucumis sativus cv. Poinsett. Symptoms exhibited by the inoculated plants indicated infection by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Sap extracted from symptomatic plants reacted positively in double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) to antibodies raised against CMV (2). Isometric particles (approximately 30 nm) were observed with an electron microscope in crude sap preparations from infected plants. Following purification of the suspect virus from infected N. tabacum (2) and treatment with formaldehyde (1), each isolate was shown to belong to group II of CMV strains (1,3) by double-immunodiffusion analysis. Following isolation from local lesions on V. unguiculata, the Hunawihr isolate was grown in cv. Xanthi-nc plants and back-inoculated to 2-year-old uninfected seedlings of H. foetidus by aphids (Myzus persicae) or mechanical transmission. Mechanical transmissions were also performed with sap extracted from cv. Xanthi-nc plants infected with the D strain, which belongs to group I of CMV strains (3). Three months postinoculation, symptoms previously described in the original plants were observed in 3 of 10 mechanically inoculated plants and in 2 of 14 aphid-inoculated plants (Hunawihr isolate), whereas no symptoms could be seen in any of the six plants inoculated with the D strain. On the basis of DAS-ELISA, 7 of 10 plants mechanically inoculated and 7 of 14 plants aphid inoculated with the Hunawihr isolate were infected with CMV, whereas 3 of the 6 plants inoculated with the D strain were infected with CMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report that H. foetidus is a natural host for CMV. Beyond the direct impact of the disease induced by CMV on H. foetidus, this perennial and widespread plant species can be an important reservoir of CMV. References: (1) J. C. Devergne and L. Cardin. Ann. Phytopathol. 7:225, 1975. (2) J. C. Devergne et al. Ann. Phytopathol. 10:233, 1978. (3) M. J. Roossinck. J. Virol. 76:3382, 2002.

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First Report of Tobacco rattle virus in Spinach in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-1-0125b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 125-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. T. Koike ◽

T. Tian ◽

H.-Y. Liu

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Local Lesions ◽

Rigid Rod

In 2009 in coastal California (Santa Barbara County), commercially grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in two nearby fields exhibited symptoms of a previously unrecognized virus-like disease. Symptoms consisted of general chlorosis and bright yellow blotches and spots. Necrotic spots were also associated with the disease. In affected fields, disease occurred in limited, irregularly shaped patches that ranged from one to several meters in diameter. Symptomatic plants were unmarketable and these small patches of spinach were not harvested. With a transmission electron microscope, rigid, rod-shaped particles with a clear central canal were observed from plant sap of the symptomatic spinach. Analysis by a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA assay (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) for Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) showed that the symptomatic plants were positive. Symptomatic spinach from the field was used for mechanical transmission to Chenopodium quinoa, C. murale, C. capitatum, spinach, and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). All inoculated plants showed chlorotic local lesions and sugar beet showed chlorotic local lesions with rings. To further confirm the presence of TRV, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was conducted. Total RNA was extracted from the mechanically inoculated symptomatic spinach plants using an RNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) and used as a template in RT-PCR with forward (5′-TACATCACATCTGCCTGC-3′) and reverse (5′-CTTCATTCACACAACCCTTG-3′) primers specific to the movement protein gene from the spinach isolate of TRV (GenBank Accession No. AJ007294). Amplicons of the expected size (approximately 562 bp) were obtained. The RT-PCR products were sequenced (GenBank Accession No. GU002156) and compared with TRV sequences in GenBank to confirm the identity of the products. Sequences obtained had 96% nucleotide identity and 97% amino acid identity with TRV sequences available under the GenBank Accession Nos. FJ357571 and AJ007294. On the basis of the data from electron microscopy and serological and molecular analyses, the virus was identified as TRV. Soil samples collected from one of the fields were assayed for nematodes; however, Paratrichodorus or Trichodorus species were not recovered. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRV in spinach in California. TRV has also been reported in spinach in England (1) and Germany (2). References: (1) A. Kurppa et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:243, 1981. (2) K. Schmidt and R. Koenig. Arch. Virol. 144:503, 1999.

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Solanum americanum: reservoir for Potato virus Y and Cucumber mosaic virus in sweet pepper crops

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/s0100-54052014000100012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 78-80

Author(s):

Monika Fecury Moura ◽

Marcelo Soman ◽

Tatiana Mituti ◽

Marcelo Agenor Pavan ◽

Renate Krause-Sakate

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Potato Virus ◽

Potato Virus Y ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Sweet Pepper ◽

Virus Species ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Local Lesions ◽

Solanum Americanum

Weeds can act as important reservoirs for viruses. Solanum americanum (Black nightshade) is a common weed in Brazil and samples showing mosaic were collected from sweet pepper crops to verify the presence of viruses. One sample showed mixed infection between Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) and one sample showed simple infection by PVY. Both virus species were transmitted by plant extract and caused mosaic in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Santa Clara), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Magda), Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabaccum TNN, and local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa, C. murale and C. amaranticolor. The coat protein sequences for CMV and PVY found in S. americanum are phylogenetically more related to isolates from tomato. We conclude that S. americanum can act as a reservoir for different viruses during and between sweet pepper crop seasons.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus Infecting Blephilia hirsuta in North America

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-8-1070c ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (8) ◽

pp. 1070-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Poudel ◽

A. G. Laney ◽

I. E. Tzanetakis

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Endangered Species ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Degenerate Primers ◽

First Report ◽

Wide Range ◽

Symptomatic Tissue

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. var. hirsuta, an ornamental plant known as hairy pagoda or hairy wood mint (Lamiaceae), is native to eastern North America and is listed as an endangered species or a species of special concern in several northeastern states ( http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2702&q=323482&depNav_GID=1628 and http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/species_info/mesa_list/mesa_list.htm ). B. hirsuta, grown as an ornamental on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, exhibited mottling symptoms indicative of viral infection. Double-stranded RNA extractions (3) yielded four bands of approximately 3.2, 2.9, 2.2, and 0.9 kb, a pattern identical to that of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV [2]). Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa seedlings were mechanically inoculated with sap from symptomatic tissue. N. benthamiana inoculated plants were stunted and developed systemic mosaic and C. quinoa inoculated plants developed local lesions, whereas mock inoculated plants remained symptomless. Dot-blot and indirect ELISA using antisera against CMV (developed by H. A Scott) gave strong reactions when testing symptomatic tissue from B. hirusta, N. benthamiana, and C. quinoa compared with no reaction for symptomless plants. Total nucleic acid extractions (4) from symptomatic tissue was subjected to reverse transcription-PCR using Cucumovirus degenerate primers (1). An amplicon of approximately 940 bases was obtained and sequenced. The sequence, deposited in GenBank under Accession No. GU453918, confirmed the results of the immunological assays that B. hirsuta was infected with CMV. The nucleotide identities between the B. hirsuta isolate and those of the Fny CMV group exceeded 98%. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infecting B. hirsuta, not only in North America, but globally. This finding has major implications for the ornamental industry and the viability of the endangered species. Given the wide range of CMV, B. hirsuta may act as a reservoir for the virus and facilitate transmission to ornamentals and other plants. In addition, the virus may reduce host fitness and undermine the efforts to preserve the species in areas that is threatened. References: (1) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:67, 1999. (2) I. E. Tzanetakis. Plant Dis. 93:431, 2009. (3) I. E. Tzanetakis and R. R. Martin. J. Virol. Methods 149:167, 2008. (4) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Virus Res. 127:26, 2007.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Garlic Mustard in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.9.1047a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

pp. 1047-1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. J. Boehm ◽

S. T. Nameth

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Plant Species ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Garlic Mustard ◽

Weed Species ◽

Alternate Host ◽

First Report ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Symptomatic Tissue

Garlic mustard (Alliaria officinalis) is a common weed species associated with woodland borders, hedge rows, and suburban gardens. Garlic mustard plants expressing foliar symptoms of leaf mosaic and vein banding were collected from Franklin and Cuyahoga counties in Ohio. Analysis of symptomatic tissue using viral-associated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis on 5% polyacrylamide gels and stained with ethidium bromide resulted in the production of a banding profile (four dsRNA bands with molecular weights of 2.6, 2.0, 1.5, and 0.7 × 106 daltons) similar to that of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (1). Symptomatic tissue suspected of being infected with CMV was analyzed with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) employing commercially produced antiserum (Agdia Inc.) against the common strain of CMV antiserum confirmed the presence of CMV. Nonsymptomatic tissue reacted negatively to CMV. This is the first report of CMV in garlic mustard in Ohio. Due to the extensive range of this weed and the wide host range of CMV in ornamental and food-plant species, garlic mustard could serve as an alternate host for CMV in many commercially important plant species. Reference: (1) T. J. Morris et al. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1:27–30, 1983.

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First report of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) wilt caused by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-17-0560-pdn ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (12) ◽

pp. 2154-2154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. A. Yuki ◽

T. Mituti ◽

J. A. M. Rezende ◽

R. B. Salarori ◽

E. W. Kitajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

First Report

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Echium candicans in France

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-11-1516c ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (11) ◽

pp. 1516-1516 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Cardin ◽

B. Moury

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

First Report ◽

Deep Blue ◽

Subgroup Ii ◽

Perennial Shrub ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Das Elisa

Echium candicans (Linn.) Herb. Banks (Pride of Madeira or Viper's Bugloss), family Boraginaceae, is a perennial shrub used in gardens for the ornamental quality of its deep blue inflorescences, especially in coastal areas near the Mediterranean Sea. Mosaic symptoms were observed in leaves of E. candicans in the Alpes Maritimes Department of southeastern France, St Jean Cap Ferrat in 1994, Menton in 2002, and Antibes in 2005. Symptoms exhibited in a range of inoculated plants including Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Xanthi and Samsun, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Vigna unguiculata cv. Black, and Cucumis sativus cv. Poinsett were typical of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Occurrence of CMV in one sample from each of the three localities was confirmed by the observation of isometric particles (approximately 30 nm) with the electron microscope in crude sap preparations from the infected plants, positive reactions in double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA to polyclonal antibodies raised against CMV (1), and the nonpersistent transmission of the virus from infected Xanthi to virus-free Xanthi plants by Myzus persicae. In double-immunodiffusion analysis, the three isolates were shown to belong to the CMV subgroup II (1,2). To determine if CMV was responsible for the symptoms observed, the isolate from Antibes was multiplied in Xanthi plants after isolation from local lesions on V. unguiculata and mechanically inoculated to 3-year-old plants of E. candicans tested to be free from CMV before the mechanical inoculation. One month after inoculation, mild mosaic symptoms were observed in young leaves and CMV was detected by DAS-ELISA in 10 of 10 inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV in E. candicans. References: (1) J.-C. Devergne and L. Cardin. Ann. Phytopathol. 7:225, 1975. (2) M. J. Roossinck. J. Virol. 76:3382, 2002.

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First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Saintpaulia ionantha in Korea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-13-0847-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 573-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Y. Yoon ◽

G. S. Choi ◽

I. S. Cho ◽

S. K. Choi

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

African Violet ◽

Saintpaulia Ionantha ◽

Local Lesions ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Das Elisa

African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha) is an ornamental species of the family Gesneriaceae and is characterized by fleshy leaves and colorful flowers. This popular, exotic ornamental, originally from Kenya and Tanzania, is vegetatively produced from cutting and tissue culture (1). In May 2013, virus-like foliar symptoms, including a mosaic with dark green islands and chlorosis surrounding the veins, were observed on an African violet plant in a greenhouse located in Icheon, Korea. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was identified in the symptomatic plant by serological testing for the presence of CMV coat protein (CP) with a commercial immunostrip kit (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). The presence of CMV was confirmed by serological detection with a commercially available double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kit (Agdia). Sap from the serologically positive sample was mechanically inoculated to test plants using 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The virus (named CMV-AV1) caused necrotic local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), while mild to severe mosaic was observed in Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum ‘Samsun NN,’ Cucurbita pepo ‘Super-Top,’ Physalis angulate, and Solanum lycopersicum ‘Unicorn’ 10 to 14 dpi. Examination of the inoculated plant leaves by DAS-ELISA and electron microscopy (leaf dips) showed positive reactions to CMV and the presence of spherical virions ∼28 nm in diameter, respectively. To verify whether CMV-AV1 is the cause of disease symptoms observed in African violet, virus-free African violet (10 plants) was mechanically inoculated by sap from local lesions on C. amaranticolor inoculated with CMV-AV1. At 8 weeks after inoculation, all plants produced systemic mosaic and chlorosis surrounding veins, resulting in strong DAS-ELISA reactions for CMV, whereas mock-inoculated African violet plants remained symptomless and virus-free. The presence of CMV-AV1 in all naturally infected and mechanically inoculated plants was further verified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Total RNAs were extracted with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer's instructions. RT-PCR was carried out with the One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) using a pair of primers, CPTALL3 and CPTALL5 (2), amplifying the entire CP gene and part of an intergenic region and 3′-noncoding region of CMV RNA3. RT-PCR products (960 bp) were obtained from all naturally infected and mechanically inoculated plants as well as from positive control (viral RNAs from virions), but not from healthy tissues. The amplified RT-PCR products were purified with QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using BigDye Termination kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Multiple alignment of the CMV-AV1 CP sequence (Accession No. AB842275) with CP sequences of other CMV isolates using MEGA5 software revealed that 91.8 to 99.0% and 71.0 to 73.0% identities to those of CMV subgroup I and subgroup II, respectively. These results provide additional confirmation of CMV-AV1 infection. CMV may pose a major threat for production of African violet since the farming of African violet plants is performed using the vegetative propagation of the African violet leaves in Korea. In particular, mosaic and chlorosis symptoms in African violet cause damage to ornamental quality of African violet. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection of African violet in the world. References: (1) S. T. Baatvik. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Suppl. 2:97, 1993. (2) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:67, 1999.

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