Weeds in Greenhouses and Tobacco Fields Are Differentially Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus and Infested by Its Vector Species

A survey was conducted in the Macedonia region of Greece to determine the reservoir hosts of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in three tobacco fields and in a greenhouse complex in which lettuce and the ornamentals chrysanthemum, gerbera, aster, and anemone were grown. Assays for TSWV infection were made by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on 6,172 plant samples, 3,909 from tobacco fields and 2,263 from the greenhouse complex, comprising plants of 208 species in 137 genera of 42 families. Plants of 86 species out of 63 genera of 27 families were infected of which 39 species are newly reported hosts of TSWV. An infection index was developed to evaluate the relative potential of each weed species as a virus source in both systems. Seventeen species in the tobacco fields and nine in the greenhouses had an infection index higher than one. Most species with infected plants were found in the Compositae family. Plants of some species occurring both in tobacco fields and in greenhouses were infected at only one of these sites. Frankliniella occidentalis was the common thrips species on weeds and crops in the greenhouses, while Thrips tabaci was the only vector on tobacco plants and weeds in the tobacco fields. This observation strongly suggests that the occurrence of species with infected plants and their number have to be attributed to the vector species prevailing in the greenhouse complex or tobacco fields, supporting the conclusion that TSWV is spread in two different epidemiological processes in Greece.

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Replication of Tomato spotted wilt virus After Ingestion by Adult Thrips setosus is Restricted to Midgut Epithelial Cells

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2001.91.12.1149 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (12) ◽

pp. 1149-1155 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jun Ohnishi ◽

Leandra M. Knight ◽

Daijirou Hosokawa ◽

Ichiro Fujisawa ◽

Shinya Tsuda

Keyword(s):

Salivary Glands ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

N Protein ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Thrips Species ◽

Wilt Virus

If acquisition access feeding (AAF) is first given after adult eclosion, none of the nine thrips species able to serve as tospovirus vectors can become infective. The previous cellular investigations of this phenomenon, carried out only in Frankliniella occidentalis, suggested that infectivity was prevented because the type member of the tospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), was unable to enter the midgut of adult thrips. The present study extends a cellular view of tospovirus—thrips interactions to a species other than the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis. Our findings show that TSWV enters and replicates within the midgut of adult Thrips setosus, but does not infect cells beyond the midgut epithelia. After AAF as adult, TSWV replicated in T. setosus midgut cells as indicated by significant increases in nucleocapsid (N) protein detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the presence of inclusions containing the S RNA-encoded nonstructural and N proteins revealed by microscopic observations. Electron microscopic observations of adult insects showed that no infection occurred in cells beyond the midgut epithelia, and insects subsampled from the same cohorts could not transmit TSWV. In contrast, electron microscopy observations of larval T. setosus revealed that TSWV infected the midgut and muscle cells, and adult insects developing from these cohorts had infected salivary glands and were able to transmit TSWV. Mature virions were observed only in the salivary glands of adults developing from infected larvae. Our findings suggest that the barrier to infectivity in T. setosus adults differs from that shown for F. occidentalis adults.

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Binding of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus to a 94-kDa Thrips Protein

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1998.88.1.63 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 63-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Marjolein Kikkert ◽

Cor Meurs ◽

Fennet van de Wetering ◽

Simone Dorfmüller ◽

Dick Peters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Specific Binding ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Virus Binding ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Thrips Species ◽

Wilt Virus

Using protein blot assays, a 94-kDa thrips protein was identified that exhibited specific binding to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) particles. Renaturation of the 94-kDa protein, which is conserved among the two major vector species of TSWV, Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci, was crucial for its virus-binding properties, whereas under the same conditions no specific binding was observed with aphid (Myzus persicae) proteins. The 94-kDa protein species was present in all developmental stages of both vectoring thrips, whereas it was present mainly in the adult stage of a nonvectoring thrips species, Parthenothrips dracenae. Using antibodies against the different TSWV structural proteins, the G2 envelope glycoprotein was identified as the viral determinant involved. Because the virus-binding protein is present throughout the thrips body, but not in the gut, it may represent a receptor protein involved during circulation of the virus through its vector but probably not during viral uptake in the midgut.

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Thrips tabaci (Lind.) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), another vector for tomato spotted wilt virus in Finland

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72648 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 189-194

Author(s):

Anne Lemmetty ◽

Isa Lindqvist

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Vector Species ◽

Greenhouse Crops ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Primary Vector ◽

Wilt Virus

Populations of Thrips tabaci transmitted the isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from infected china asters to healthy china asters in laboratory experiments. Great variation was observed among absorbance values between thrips infested china asters. The highest absorbance values were obtained from stems of thrips inoculated plants. According to our results, T. tabaci seems to be a noteworthy TSWV vector in Finland, where it is the only naturally occurring TSWV vector species. It is also one of the main pests on greenhouse crops in addition to Frankliniella occidentalis, the primary vector of TSWV.

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Evaluation of Weed Species as Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus) Acquisition Sources for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology ◽

10.1303/jjaez.2009.181 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 181-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shin-ichiro Okazaki ◽

Mitsuru Okuda ◽

Tamito Sakurai

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus

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Overwintering Viruliferous Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as an Infection Source of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Green Pepper Fields

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-7-0842 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (7) ◽

pp. 842-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Shinichiro Okazaki ◽

Mitsuru Okuda ◽

Kazuhiro Komi ◽

Hideaki Yoshimatsu ◽

Toru Iwanami

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Activity Level ◽

Weed Species ◽

Green Pepper ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Infection Source ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Pepper Plants

Populations of overwintering viruliferous Frankliniella occidentalis were evaluated in Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-affected green pepper fields in Bungo-Ohno City, Oita Prefecture, Japan. A survey of TSWV-infected weeds showed that the incidence of infection was low in weeds. Stellaria aquatica was infected frequently; however, the infections were considered secondary cases since S. aquatica appeared in the fields around late February to early March. In contrast, TSWV was frequently detected from green pepper fruits until they rotted. F. occidentalis primarily inhabited and reproduced on the green pepper fruits and moved to Lamium amplexicaule when the fruits rotted and subsequently spread to other weed species as young shoots or flowers appeared. The flying activity level of F. occidentalis rose in late February, and viruliferous F. occidentalis transmitted TSWV to green pepper plants. We concluded that TSWV-infected green pepper fruits discarded in greenhouses and fields are the major source of infection.

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Factors determining vector competence and specificity for transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-663 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 663-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Tatsuya Nagata ◽

Alice K. Inoue-Nagata ◽

Jan van Lent ◽

Rob Goldbach ◽

Dick Peters

Keyword(s):

Salivary Glands ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Vector Competence ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Basal Membrane ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Virus Particles ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus

The competence of a Frankliniella occidentalis and a Thrips tabaci population to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was analysed. Adults of the F. occidentalis population transmitted this virus efficiently, whereas those of the thelytokous T. tabaci population failed to transmit. TSWV replicated in the midgut of the larvae of both populations after ingestion of virus; however, lower amounts accumulated in T. tabaci larvae than in F. occidentalis larvae. The virus was almost undetectable in T. tabaci adults, whereas high titres were readily detected in the F. occidentalis adults. The first infections in F. occidentalis larvae were detected by immunocytochemical studies in midgut epithelial and subsequently in midgut muscle cells, the ligaments, and finally in the salivary glands. The infections were weaker in the midgut epithelial and muscle cells of T. tabaci larvae, followed by an almost complete absence of any infection in the ligaments, and a complete absence in the salivary glands. Studies by electron microscopy revealed the budding of some virus particles from the basal membrane of midgut epithelial cells of F. occidentalis larvae into the extracellular space of the basal labyrinth. Enveloped virus particles were also seen in midgut muscle cells of F. occidentalis larvae. They were not discerned in epithelial and muscle cells of T. tabaci larvae and adults. This study showed that the rate of virus replication in the midgut and the extent of virus migration from the midgut to the visceral muscle cells and the salivary glands are probably crucial factors in the determination of vector competence.

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First Report of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus on Potatoes in Iran

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.442b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 442-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. Pourrahim ◽

Sh. Farzadfar ◽

A. A. Moini ◽

N. Shahraeen ◽

A. Ahoonmanesh

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Systemic Necrosis ◽

First Report ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus

Severe leaf and stem necrosis before flowering was observed in potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields of Firouzkoh Province, Iran, during the summer of 1998. Infected plants died before the end of the growing season. Necrosis was more severe in cv. Agria than in cvs. Ajaxs and Arinda. A high population of Thrips tabaci was observed in August and September. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (1) was detected in affected potatoes by using specific TSWV-IgG (from Bioreba) in double-antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and by indicator plant reactions. Mechanical inoculation of indicator plants with leaf extracts of symptomatic potatoes produce necrotic local lesions in Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Gomphrena globosa, Vicia faba, Vigna sinensis, Phaseolus aureus var. Gohar, P. vulgaris, and Petunia hybrida. The virus caused systemic necrosis in Capsicum frutescens, Datura stramonium, D. metel, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. rustica, and Trapaeolum majus, preceded by systemic chlorotic spots. TSWV was reported from ornamental crops in Tehran and Absard areas near to Firouzkoh province (2), but this is the first report of TSWV occurrence on potatoes in Iran. References: (1) T. S. Ie. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. No. 39, 1970. (2) A. A. Moeini, et al. Iran. J. Plant Pathol. (In press.)

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First Report of Vidalia Onion (Allium cepa) Naturally Infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus and Iris yellow spot virus (Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Tospovirus) in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1285b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 1285-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S. W. Mullis ◽

D. B. Langston ◽

R. D. Gitaitis ◽

J. L. Sherwood ◽

A. C. Csinos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Iris Yellow Spot Virus ◽

Yellow Spot ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus

Vidalia onion is an important crop in Georgia's agriculture with worldwide recognition as a specialty vegetable. Vidalia onions are shortday, Granex-type sweet onions grown within a specific area of southeastern Georgia. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been endemic to Georgia crops for the past decade, but has gone undetected in Vidalia onions. Tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) and Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are the primary vectors for TSWV in this region, and a number of plant species serve as reproductive reservoirs for the vector or virus. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), an emerging tospovirus that is potentially a devastating pathogen of onion, has been reported in many locations in the western United States (2,4). Thrips tabaci is the known vector for IYSV, but it is unknown if noncrop plants play a role in its epidemiology in Georgia. During October 2003, a small (n = 12) sampling of onions with chlorosis and dieback of unknown etiology from the Vidalia region was screened for a variety of viruses, and TSWV and IYSV infections were serologically detected. Since that time, leaf and bulb tissues from 4,424 onion samples were screened for TSWV and IYSV using double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with commercial kits (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). Samples were collected from 53 locations in the Vidalia region during the growing season between November 2003 and March 2004. Plants exhibiting stress, such as tip dieback, necrotic lesions, chlorosis or environmental damage were selected. Of these, 306 were positive for TSWV and 396 were positive for IYSV using positive threshold absorbance of three times the average plus two standard deviations of healthy negative onion controls. Positive serological findings of the onion tissues were verified by immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) for TSWV (3) and RT-PCR for IYSV (1). In both instances, a region of the viral nucleocapsid (N) gene was amplified. The PCR products were analyzed with gel electrophoresis with an ethidium bromide stain in 0.8% agarose. Eighty-six percent (n = 263) of the TSWV ELISA-positive samples exhibited the expected 774-bp product and 55 percent (n = 217) of the IYSV ELISA-positive samples exhibited the expected 962-bp product. The reduced success of the IYSV verification could be attributed to the age and deteriorated condition of the samples at the time of amplification. Thrips tabaci were obtained from onion seedbeds and cull piles within the early sampling (n = 84) and screened for TSWV by the use of an indirect-ELISA to the nonstructural (NSs) protein of TSWV. Of the thrips sampled, 25 were positive in ELISA. While the incidence of IYSV and TSWV in the Vidalia onion crop has been documented, more research is needed to illuminate their potential danger to Vidalia onions. References: (1) I. Cortês et al. Phytopathology 88:1276, 1998. (2) L. J. du Toit et al. Plant Dis. 88:222, 2004. (3) R. K. Jain et al. Plant Dis. 82:900, 1998. (4) J. W. Moyer et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 93(suppl.):S115, 2003.

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Some characteristics of the thrip vector relationship of tomato spotted wilt virus in Canada

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b76-038 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (5-6) ◽

pp. 402-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Y. C. Paliwal

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

First Generation ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Relationship Of

Two isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from British Columbia were transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis, which is common in British Columbia but does not occur in eastern Canada. Frankliniella occidentalis from B.C. transmitted the virus to a smaller proportion of Emilia plants as compared with Frankliniella fusca, a known vector that occurs in eastern Canada, after a 48-h acquisition feeding as nymphs on infected Emilia leaves. Neither isolate of the virus was transmitted by Thrips tabaci, which is a vector of TSWV in some other countries. Males and females and macropterous and brachypterous forms of F. fusca did not differ significantly in their vector ability. TSWV was detected serologically in homogenates of 50 ‘exposed' F. fusca (first-generation adults reared on newly infected plants) but was difficult to detect in homogenates prepared from these thrips 2 weeks later. Thrip transmissibility of the virus declined considerably when propagated for long periods without passage through the thrip vector.

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