scholarly journals Suitability of Southern Pines, Other Selected Crops, and Nutsedge to a Longidorus sp. Associated with Stunting of Loblolly Pine Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Fraedrich ◽  
M. M. Cram ◽  
Z. A. Handoo
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Small Grains

An undescribed needle nematode (Longidorus sp.) has been associated with severely stunted loblolly pine seedlings at a south Georgia nursery. Containers with selected crop and weed species were infested with 100 or 200 adults and juveniles of the Longidorus individuals to evaluate host suitability. Nematode populations increased in containers with slash, loblolly, and longleaf pine seedlings. The Longidorus sp. significantly reduced the dry root weights of slash (P = 0.008) and loblolly (P = 0.047) but not longleaf (P = 0.095) pine compared with controls. Populations of Longidorus decreased on nutsedge and small grains, including wheat, rye, oat, sorghum, and millet; and, in most experiments, populations decreased to levels found in fallow containers. Populations decreased on tomato and cabbage but increased slightly on red oak. The periodic removal of fields from pine production to grow cover crops consisting of small grains or to maintain fallow fields may be an important practice for management of this Longidorus sp.

Influence of Tylenchorhynchus ewingi on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, and host suitability of legumes and small grains

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
Michelle M. Cram ◽  
Zafar A. Handoo ◽  
Stanley J. Zarnoch
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Production Losses

Tylenchorhynchus ewingi, a stunt nematode, causes severe injury to slash pine seedlings and has been recently associated with stunting and chlorosis of loblolly pine seedlings at some forest tree nurseries in southern USA. Experiments confirmed that loblolly pine is a host for T. ewingi, and that the nematode is capable of causing severe damage to root systems. Initial population densities as low as 60 nematodes (100 cm3 soil)−1 were sufficient to damage the root systems of loblolly pine seedlings. Populations of T. ewingi increased on pine from two- to 16-fold, depending on the initial population density. Evaluations of various cover crops used in southern forest tree nurseries indicated that legumes, rye and several varieties of sorghum were excellent hosts for T. ewingi. Other small grains such as ryegrass, oats and wheat were poorer hosts. A cultivar of pearl millet was a non-host for T. ewingi, and a cultivar of brown top millet appeared to be either a very poor host or a non-host. Nurseries that have seedling production losses caused by T. ewingi should consider rotating with non-host cover crops such as pearl millet or leaving fields fallow as part of their pest management programme.

Application method and timing of gibberellin A4/7 treatments for increasing pollen conebud production in southern pines

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Southern Pines

In 4 different years' experiments with loblolly (Pinustaeda L.), slash (Pinuselliottiielliottii Engelm.), and longleaf (Pinuspalustris Mill.) pine, timing of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) treatments was critical for optimal promotion of pollen conebuds. Two or three biweekly treatments given at strategic times were equivalent to six given from May to August. July to August applications best promoted pollen conebuds. Using the cationic surfactant Aromox C/12, aqueous foliar sprays of 200 mg/L of GA4/7 were more effective than ethanolic topical bud treatments for pollen conebud induction in slash pine. Addition of naphthaleneacetic acid enhanced the GA4/7 effect in loblolly pine but diminished it in slash and longleaf pine.

scholarly journals Fungicides Improve Field Performance of Stored Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Brissette ◽  
James P. Barnett ◽  
John P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Seedlings of loblolly and longleaf pine lifted in December, January, and February were treated with either benomyl or ridomil before cold storage. Along with an untreated control, they were planted after cold storage of less than 1 wk, 3 wk, and 6 wk. Survival was measured in mid-June after planting, and after 1 and 4 yr in the field. Total height was measured after 4 yr. The fungicide application increased survival of both species lifted in December or February and was beneficial to longleaf pine seedlings regardless of storage duration. Fungicide-treated longleaf pine seedlings had greater mean 4 yr height than the controls, but fungicides did not affect the height of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1): 5-9.

Pensacola Bahiagrass Can Be Used to Improve the Forage Resource when Regenerating Southern Pines

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford E. Lewis ◽  
Warren G. Manson ◽  
Richard J. Bonyata
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nutritional Qualities ◽  
Grass Stage

Abstract Many native forage plants in the South are low quality, poor producers, and unpalatable to cattle. Replacement of these plants with more desirable species would improve the forage resource. One approach is to seed grasses during site preparation when regenerating southern pines. Following site preparation by shearing and strip-disking, Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) was seeded at 15 pounds per acre in the spring and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) was row-seeded on 12-foot centers in December of the next year. The bahiagrass became established among the residual native plants and was heavily utilized by cattle grazing yearlong. A light application of fertilizer after 3 years tripled bahiagrass yields the first year and doubled it the next year compared to unfertilized plots. Fertilizer improved some nutritional qualities of bahiagrass but digestibility was lowered. Longleaf pine seedlings came out of the grass stage more rapidly and were 50% taller at age 9 with grazing than without it; and in spite of heavier mortality with grazing (36% vs. 21%), stocking was 967 trees per acre at age 11.

Using silvicultural practices to regulate competition, resource availability, and growing conditions for Pinus palustris seedlings underplanted in Pinus taeda forests

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 902-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin O. Knapp ◽  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
Joan L. Walker ◽  
Huifeng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Conditions

In the southeastern United States, many forest managers are interested in restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to upland sites that currently support loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). We quantified the effects of four canopy treatments (uncut Control; MedBA, harvest to 9 m2·ha−1; LowBA, harvest to 5 m2·ha−1; and Clearcut) and three cultural treatments (NT, no treatment; H, herbicide release of longleaf pine seedlings; and H+F, herbicide release plus fertilization) on resource availability and growing conditions in relation to longleaf pine seedling response for 3 years. Harvesting treatments reduced competition from canopy trees but resulted in greater abundance of understory vegetation. Harvesting shifted the interception of light from the canopy to the subcanopy vegetation layer; however, total light availability at the forest floor increased with the intensity of canopy removal. Soil moisture was not affected by harvesting or by the cultural treatments. Foliar nutrient concentrations (N, P, and K) of longleaf pine seedlings generally increased with the intensity of the harvest treatment. Of the plant resources measured, we found that light was most strongly correlated with longleaf pine seedling growth and that incorporating the interception of light by subcanopy vegetation improved the relationship over that of canopy light transmittance alone.

Southern Pines Performance on Sandhills Sites in Georgia and South Carolina

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Outcalt
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Acceptable Alternative ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Alternative Species ◽  
Sand Pine ◽  
Pinus Clausa ◽  
Northwest Florida

Abstract Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward), Ocala sand pine (P. clausa var. clausa D.B. Ward), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) were grown on sandhills in Georgia and South Carolina. Choctawhatcheesand pine grew fastest and yielded the most volume after 28 yr. Productivity equaled that of plantations in northwest Florida, averaging more than 100ft³/ac/yr. To maximize yields for pulpwood rotations of 25 to 35 yr, managers should plant these sites to Choctawhatchee sand pine. Longleafpine, however, has been growing as fast as Choctawhatchee sand pine since age 15 yr. Therefore, especially for longer rotations, it would be an acceptable alternative species. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):00-00.

scholarly journals Economics of Southern Pines With and Without Payments for Environmental Amenities in the US South

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karuna Paudel ◽  
Puneet Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Pine Straw

During the early 1900s, nearly 37 million hectares of land in the Southern United States were under longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) relative to the current area of 1.6 million hectares. This study compares the economics of southern pines (longleaf, loblolly (Pinus taeda), and slash (Pinus elliottii)) to facilitate the decision making of family forest landowners and design suitable financial incentives for increasing the area under longleaf pine in the region. We simulated six growth and yield scenarios for selected southern pines over three site indices in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Georgia. We estimated land expectation values (LEVs) of each scenario for the three cases, i.e., payment for forest products, payment for forest products and net carbon storage, and payment for forest products, net carbon storage, and net water yield. Our findings show that pine straw income significantly increases the LEV of longleaf pine. The financial risk of growing longleaf pine is lower than that of other southern pines. Existing financial support through various governmental incentives or additional monetary support for ecosystem services provided by longleaf pine ecosystems is needed to increase the area under longleaf pine in the Southern United States, in general, and in South Georgia, in particular. However, a need exists to reevaluate the conservation values provided by longleaf plantations considering expected shorter rotation ages due to the income provided by pine straw markets in Southern United States.

scholarly journals Successful Reforestation of South Carolina Sandhills is not influenced by Seedling Inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius in the Nursery

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Cram ◽  
John G. Mexal ◽  
Ray Souter
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Inoculation ◽  
River Site

Abstract Longleaf (Pinus palustris) and loblolly pine (P. taeda) nursery beds were treated with either vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) or allowed to become inoculated with natural ectomycorrhizae (NI) from 1987 to 1991. The resulting Pt and NI seedlings were outplanted on 2 sites per year (1988-1992) for a total of 10 demonstration plantings on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina. After 4 yr (5 yr for Site 5) the presence of Pt on bareroot longleaf pine at the time of planting did not improve seedling diameter or height growth. Longleaf pine survival was increased with the presence of Pt only on one site, while NI seedlings had greater survival on five sites and greater growth on two sites. The presence of Pt on the containerized longleaf pine had no effect on survival or diameter growth after 4 yr. Inoculation of bareroot loblolly pine with Pt resulted in larger diameter seedlings at the time of planting for four of eight sites. However, these differences in diameter were not maintained in three of the sites after 4 yr. The use of Pt as an artificial inoculant of bareroot longleaf and loblolly pine seedlings does not increase survival or growth response of reforestation plantings on the sandhills of South Carolina after 4 (5) yr. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):46-52.

Forest Nursery Practices in the South

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Boyer ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Practices ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Southern forest nurseries produce 80 percent of the bare-root seedlings grown in the United States (nearly 1.3 billion out of 1.6 billion in 1980). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) alone accounts for most of the reforestation in this country. Responses by southern nurserymen to a questionnaire were compiled in order to document the practices currently employed to produce southern pine seedlings. In comparison with forest industry nurseries, public nurseries tend to be older and larger, are less mechanized, employ more handweeding, use less cover crops, and produce a greater number of species. The most notable changes occurring in the past 50 years include increased production, a change in the favored species produced, increased chemical pest control, increased mechanical harvesting, and a shift in nursery site selection to sandier soils.

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