Ultrastructural observation of Botrytis cinerea and physical changes in resistant and susceptible grapevines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao qing Hou ◽  
Guoyun Zhang ◽  
Rui Han ◽  
Shengyue Chai ◽  
Ran Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Ultrastructural Observation ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wild Grapevine ◽  
Pectinase Activity ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Pathogenic Infection

The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinereais a major threat to grapevine cultivation worldwide. Here, a highly-resistant Chinese wild grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr ‘Shuangyou’ (SY) and the susceptible V. vinifera ‘Red Globe’ (RG) were selected for study, and their pathogenic infection and biochemical responses to B. cinerea were evaluated. The results revealed more trichomes on and a thicker cuticle for leaves of SY than RG under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both SEM and TEM also showed that conidial germination, appressorium formation, and hyphal development of B. cinerea were delayed on the leaves of resistant SY. Fewer infected hyphae were also observed in leaves of resistant SY when compared with susceptible RG. The infected leaves of resistant SY harbored higher levels of cellulase and pectinase activity during the early infection stages of B. cinerea at 4 hours post-inoculation (hpi), and higher glucanase and chitinase activity were maintained in the inoculated leaves of SY from 4 hpi through 18 hpi. Lignin was deposited in the infected leaves of susceptible RG but not in resistant SY. Taken together, these results provide insights into the ultrastructural characterizations and physical changes in resistant and susceptible grapevines.

scholarly journals A Novel Microchip Technique for Quickly Identifying Nanogranules in an Aqueous Solution by Transmission Electron Microscopy: Imaging of Platelet Granules

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4946
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thu Trang ◽  
Jungshan Chang ◽  
Wei-An Chen ◽  
Chih-Chun Chen ◽  
Hui-Min Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Ultrastructural Observation ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Aqueous Conditions

Ultrastructural observation of biological specimens or nanogranules usually requires the use of electron microscopy. Electron microscopy takes a lot of time, requires many steps, and uses many chemicals, which may affect the native state of biological specimens. A novel microchip (K-kit) was used as a specimen kit for in situ imaging of human platelet granules in an aqueous solution using a transmission electron microscope. This microchip enabled us to observe the native human platelet granules very quickly and easily. The protocols included blood collection, platelet purification, platelet granule isolation, sample loading into this microchip, and then observation by a transmission electron microscope. In addition, these granules could still remain in aqueous solution, and only a very small amount of the sample was required for observation and analysis. We used this microchip to identify the native platelet granules by negative staining. Furthermore, we used this microchip to perform immunoelectron microscopy and successfully label α-granules of platelets with the anti-P-selectin antibody. These results demonstrate that the novel microchip can provide researchers with faster and better choices when using a transmission electron microscope to examine nanogranules of biological specimens in aqueous conditions.

scholarly journals Intestinal Lesions in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs Associated with a Cryptosporidium from Calves with Diarrhea

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Angus ◽  
S. Tzipori ◽  
E. W. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Neutrophil Leukocytes

Small and large intestines of seven specific pathogen-free lambs infected with cryptosporidia from calves with diarrhea were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The small intestine was infected in all the lambs, and the cecum and colon in three. Small intestinal alterations were severe villous atrophy and dilatation of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Epithelial cross-bridging between contiguous villi caused much villous fusion. Epithelial cells constituting the bridges were connected by desmosomal junctions, and were continuous with the epithelial coverings of the associated villi. The lamina propria was heavily infiltrated with neutrophil leukocytes. Infected crypts in cecum and colon were dilated and devoid of mucus-secreting cells, while the ridges between crypts were hypertrophied, and the lamina propria was infiltrated by neutrophils. Cell vegetations with adherent bacteria were present in the surface intestinal epithelium of two lambs infected for 11 and 14 days, respectively. No adherent bacteria were seen in any site in lambs killed up to six days post-inoculation.

scholarly journals Development of Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures demonstrates that it is different from Sarcocystis neurona

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. LINDSAY ◽  
J. P. DUBEY ◽  
K. M. HORTON ◽  
D. D. BOWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Sarcocystis Neurona ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Sarcocystis Falcatula ◽  
Bovine Turbinate

The development of Sarcocystis falcatula merozoites in bovine turbinate (BT) cell cultures is described and compared with development of Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. Merozoites of S. falcatula entered BT cell cultures and increased in size until 3 days post-inoculation when the nucleus of some merozoites developed lobes. Developing schizonts present at 4 days contained a lobed nucleus or appeared multinucleate. A single mature schizont was observed 4 days p.i. Schizonts were numerous 5 and 6 days p.i. Merozoites were produced from blastophores on the schizont. S. neurona merozoites developed to mature schizonts by 3 days p.i. in BT cells and a residual body was often present. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that S. falcatula merozoites possessed more micronemes than did S. neurona merozoites. Our study demonstrates that S. falcatula and S. neurona are not the same parasite.

scholarly journals Roles of Genotype-Determined Mycotoxins in Maize Seedling Blight Caused by Fusarium graminearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112
Author(s):  
Yan Meng ◽  
Jianjun Hao ◽  
Derrick Mayfield ◽  
Laixin Luo ◽  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Maize Seedling ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Root Vitality

Fusarium graminearum is an important causal agent of maize seedling blight. The species includes several chemotypes that produce various forms of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). To understand the effects and roles of F. graminearum mycotoxins on maize seedling blight occurring at Zhang Ye of Gansu, China, 23 isolates of F. graminearum were collected and characterized. A PCR assay showed all 23 isolates belonged to the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotype. This was also confirmed by production of both DON and 15-ADON in either rice culture medium or maize seedling roots, detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In maize seedling roots, 15-ADON dominated at 6 days post inoculation (dpi) and DON was the main mycotoxin at 12 dpi. The biomass of F. graminearum doubled from 6 to 12 dpi, and was positively correlated with virulence of the isolates. Both mycotoxins affected maize root vitality, but 15-ADON had a greater effect than DON. ALDH9 and MDH, two dehydrogenase synthesis genes in maize, showed a lower relative expression in 15-ADON treatments than in DON treatments. It indicated that both mycotoxins affected seed germination and root development, with 15-ADON being more destructive. Under scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, root hair formation and development were delayed by DON, but completely inhibited by 15-ADON. 15-ADON caused cell shrinkage, loose cellular structure, and widened intercellular spaces; it also destroyed organelles and caused plasmolysis, and eventually ruptured cell membranes causing cell death. DON did not affect cell morphology and arrangement, but altered the morphology of organelles, forming concentric membranous bodies and a large amount of irregular lipid droplets. Thus, both mycotoxins contributed to symptom expression of maize seedling blight, but 15-ADON was more destructive than DON.

Cytological observation of the infection process of Venturia carpophila on peach leaves

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Chuan-Ya Ji ◽  
Chingchai Chaisiri ◽  
Liangfen Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Germ Tubes

Peach scab caused by Venturia carpophila, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of peach worldwide, which seriously affects the peach production. Up to date, the infection process and pathogenesis of V. carpophila on peach remain unclear. Here, we present the infection behaviour of V. carpophila at the ultrastructural and cytological levels in peach leaves with combined microscopic investigations (e.g., light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). V. carpophila germinated at the tip of conidia and produced short germ tubes on peach leaf surfaces at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 3 dpi, swollen tips of germ tubes differentiated into appressoria. At 5 dpi, penetration pegs produced by appressoria broke through the cuticle layer, and then differentiated into thick sub-cuticular hyphae in the pectin layer of the epidermal cell walls. At 10 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae extensively colonized in the pectin layer. The primary hyphae ramified into secondary hyphae and proliferated along with the incubation. At 15 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae divided laterally to form stromata between the cuticle layer and the cellulose layer of the epidermal cells. At 30 dpi, conidiophores developed from the sub-cuticular stromata. Finally, abundant conidiophores and new conidia appeared on leaf surfaces at 40 dpi. These results provide useful information for further understanding the V. carpophila pathogenesis.

Structural Heterogenity of Intraluminal Content of The Prostate: A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Badea ◽  
Amelia Petrescu ◽  
Lucia Moldovan ◽  
Otilia Zarnescu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Ultrastructural Observation ◽  
Corpora Amylacea ◽  
Histochemical Methods ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Malignant Prostate

AbstractIntraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostatic tissue are associated with varying forms of acellular structures. These include corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and prostatic crystalloids. There are relatively few microscopy studies about the characterization of intraluminal structures from benign and malignant prostatic glands and little is known about their chemical composition. In the present study, we used a combination of special histochemical methods, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. The study was done on 33 radical prostatectomy and four transurethral resections of prostate specimens. Histochemical methods such as von Kossa, autometallography (AMG), as well as PSA immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. Von Kossa staining was observed in acellular structures, corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and calcified blood vessels. AMG staining was observed in the lumen of small glands, in the epithelium lining prostate glands, and corpora amylacea. PSA staining showed prostatic glands with both positive and negative corpora amylacea and epithelial cells. Ultrastructural observation revealed the presence of a variety of highly heterogeneous aggregates composed of fibrillar elements that were similar to those of amyloid.

Microtubule organization in the siphonous green alga bryopsis: An ultrastructural observation with Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Sheng Jun Wei ◽  
Kyle Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Ultrastructural Observation ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Fixation Procedure ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Feature Resolution

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been routinely used to study the ultrastructure of microtubules (MT). However, we found that some MTs in the filamentous green alga we examined could not be easily recognized using conventional brightfield imaging, because of low contrast. Electronspectroscopic imaging (ESI) microscopy using the imaging electron energy filter solves many problems involving low contrast and feature resolution. By ESI, the contrast can be tuned and optimized so that images with higher resolution can be produced. In the present study we used ESI to improve the image quality in order to clearly resolve the MTs.A specimen of the giant marine green alga Bryopsis sp. was prepared following a new modified double fixation procedure of our own to preserve cell structures (Fig. 1). In brief, the branched alga was cut into small segments of about 1 cm in length in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate at pH 7.2.

Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Aluminum Alloy-Boron Composites by Ion Erosio

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
G. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fiber Matrix ◽  
Ion Erosion ◽  
Row Of Fibers

The morphology and composition of the fiber-matrix interface can best be studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For some composites satisfactory samples can be prepared by electropolishing. For others such as aluminum alloy-boron composites ion erosion is necessary.When one wishes to examine a specimen with the electron beam perpendicular to the fiber, preparation is as follows: A 1/8 in. disk is cut from the sample with a cylindrical tool by spark machining. Thin slices, 5 mils thick, containing one row of fibers, are then, spark-machined from the disk. After spark machining, the slice is carefully polished with diamond paste until the row of fibers is exposed on each side, as shown in Figure 1.In the case where examination is desired with the electron beam parallel to the fiber, preparation is as follows: Experimental composites are usually 50 mils or less in thickness so an auxiliary holder is necessary during ion milling and for easy transfer to the electron microscope. This holder is pure aluminum sheet, 3 mils thick.

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