scholarly journals Roles of Genotype-Determined Mycotoxins in Maize Seedling Blight Caused by Fusarium graminearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112
Author(s):  
Yan Meng ◽  
Jianjun Hao ◽  
Derrick Mayfield ◽  
Laixin Luo ◽  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Maize Seedling ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Root Vitality

Fusarium graminearum is an important causal agent of maize seedling blight. The species includes several chemotypes that produce various forms of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). To understand the effects and roles of F. graminearum mycotoxins on maize seedling blight occurring at Zhang Ye of Gansu, China, 23 isolates of F. graminearum were collected and characterized. A PCR assay showed all 23 isolates belonged to the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotype. This was also confirmed by production of both DON and 15-ADON in either rice culture medium or maize seedling roots, detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In maize seedling roots, 15-ADON dominated at 6 days post inoculation (dpi) and DON was the main mycotoxin at 12 dpi. The biomass of F. graminearum doubled from 6 to 12 dpi, and was positively correlated with virulence of the isolates. Both mycotoxins affected maize root vitality, but 15-ADON had a greater effect than DON. ALDH9 and MDH, two dehydrogenase synthesis genes in maize, showed a lower relative expression in 15-ADON treatments than in DON treatments. It indicated that both mycotoxins affected seed germination and root development, with 15-ADON being more destructive. Under scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, root hair formation and development were delayed by DON, but completely inhibited by 15-ADON. 15-ADON caused cell shrinkage, loose cellular structure, and widened intercellular spaces; it also destroyed organelles and caused plasmolysis, and eventually ruptured cell membranes causing cell death. DON did not affect cell morphology and arrangement, but altered the morphology of organelles, forming concentric membranous bodies and a large amount of irregular lipid droplets. Thus, both mycotoxins contributed to symptom expression of maize seedling blight, but 15-ADON was more destructive than DON.

Preparation of yolk–shell structured Ag@Cu particles and their application in high performance electrochemical sensing of p-aminobenzoic acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Tian Gan ◽  
Zhikai Wang ◽  
Mengru Chen ◽  
Wanqiu Fu ◽  
Haibo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Transmission Electron

In this work, the Ag@Cu particles with yolk–shell nanostructure was prepared by facile solvothermal method, which was modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate electrochemical sensor for the convenient and fast determination of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared Ag@Cu nanocomposite modified electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, chronocoulometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Further, the electrochemical sensing of PABA was performed on the Ag@Cu/GCE using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, showing high catalytic activity. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and low detection limit of 0.315 μmol/L for PABA. The developed sensor was also successfully applied for PABA detection in anesthetic and cosmetics with satisfactory results.

scholarly journals Ce-Doped PANI/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites: Electrode Materials for Supercapattery

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash Pandey ◽  
Shova Neupane ◽  
Dipak Kumar Gupta ◽  
Anju Kumari Das ◽  
Nabin Karki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Active Electrode ◽  
Transmission Electron

In this study, we report on a combined approach to preparing an active electrode material for supercapattery application by making nanocomposites of Polyaniline/Cerium (PANI/Ce) with different weight percentages of magnetite (Fe3O4). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses supported the interaction of PANI with Ce and the formation of the successful nanocomposite with magnetite nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed the uniform and porous morphology of the composites. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) were used to test the supercapattery behavior of the nanocomposite electrodes in 1.0 M H2SO4. It was found that the supercapattery electrode of PANI/Ce+7 wt.% Fe3O4 exhibited a specific capacity of 171 mAhg−1 in the potential range of −0.2 to 1.0 V at the current density of 2.5 Ag−1. Moreover, PANI/Ce+7 wt.% Fe3O4 revealed a power density of 376.6 Wkg−1 along with a maximum energy density of 25.4 Whkg−1 at 2.5 Ag−1. Further, the cyclic stability of PANI/Ce+7 wt.% Fe3O4 was found to be 96.0% after 5,000 cycles. The obtained results suggested that the PANI/Ce+Fe3O4 nanocomposite could be a promising electrode material candidate for high-performance supercapattery applications.

scholarly journals Ni2P/rGO/NF Nanosheets As a Bifunctional High-Performance Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Huang ◽  
Feifei Li ◽  
Baozhong Liu ◽  
Peng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Splitting Method ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

The hydrogen generated via the water splitting method is restricted by the high level of theoretical potential exhibited by the anode. The work focuses on synthesizing a bifunctional catalyst with a high efficiency, that is, a nickel phosphide doped with the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets supported on the Ni foam (Ni2P/rGO/NF), via the hydrothermal approach together with the calcination approach specific to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Raman, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), as well as elemental mapping, are adopted to study the composition and morphology possessed by Ni2P/rGO/NF. The electrochemical testing is performed by constructing a parallel two-electrode electrolyzer (Ni2P/rGO/NF||Ni2P/rGO/NF). Ni2P/rGO/NF||Ni2P/rGO/NF needs a voltage of only 1.676 V for driving 10 mA/cm2, which is extremely close to Pt/C/NF||IrO2/NF (1.502 V). It is possible to maintain the current density for no less than 30 hours. It can be demonstrated that Ni2P/rGO/NF||Ni2P/rGO/NF has commercial feasibility, relying on the strong activity and high stability.

scholarly journals Towards racemizable chiral organogelators

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 960-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Bin Lin ◽  
Debarshi Dasgupta ◽  
Seda Cantekin ◽  
Albertus P H J Schenning
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Interactions ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis

A chiral organogelator has been synthesized that can be racemized and self-assembled in apolar solvents whilst at higher concentrations organogels are formed. Field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of bundle fibrils that are able to gelate the solvent. 1H NMR studies showed hydrogen-bond interactions between the peptide head groups of neighbouring organogelator molecules. The enantiomerically pure organogelator can be racemized by the base DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) as was evident from chiral high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.

scholarly journals Boosting the Adhesivity of π-Conjugated Polymers by Embedding Platinum Acetylides towards High-Performance Thermoelectric Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wan ◽  
Xiaojun Yin ◽  
Chengjun Pan ◽  
Danqing Liu ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) incorporated with π-conjugated polymers, have proven to be an effective approach in the production of advanced thermoelectric composites. However, the studied polymers are mainly limited to scanty conventional conductive polymers, and their performances still remain to be improved. Herein, a new planar moiety of platinum acetylide in the π-conjugated system is introduced to enhance the intermolecular interaction with the SWCNTs via π–π and d–π interactions, which is crucial in regulating the thermoelectric performances of SWCNT-based composites. As expected, SWCNT composites based on the platinum acetylides embedded polymers displayed a higher power factor (130.7 ± 3.8 μW·m−1·K−2) at ambient temperature than those without platinum acetylides (59.5 ± 0.7 μW·m−1·K−2) under the same conditions. Moreover, the strong interactions between the platinum acetylide-based polymers and the SWCNTs are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements.

scholarly journals Intestinal Lesions in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs Associated with a Cryptosporidium from Calves with Diarrhea

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Angus ◽  
S. Tzipori ◽  
E. W. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Neutrophil Leukocytes

Small and large intestines of seven specific pathogen-free lambs infected with cryptosporidia from calves with diarrhea were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The small intestine was infected in all the lambs, and the cecum and colon in three. Small intestinal alterations were severe villous atrophy and dilatation of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Epithelial cross-bridging between contiguous villi caused much villous fusion. Epithelial cells constituting the bridges were connected by desmosomal junctions, and were continuous with the epithelial coverings of the associated villi. The lamina propria was heavily infiltrated with neutrophil leukocytes. Infected crypts in cecum and colon were dilated and devoid of mucus-secreting cells, while the ridges between crypts were hypertrophied, and the lamina propria was infiltrated by neutrophils. Cell vegetations with adherent bacteria were present in the surface intestinal epithelium of two lambs infected for 11 and 14 days, respectively. No adherent bacteria were seen in any site in lambs killed up to six days post-inoculation.

scholarly journals Electrodeposition and Characterization of Mesoporous Nanostructured Cobalt Films using Brij78 Templated

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Ghanem ◽  
I. S. El-Hallag
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Cobalt Films ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ordered Mesoporous ◽  
Mesoporous Thin Films

In this manuscript the preparation of highly ordered mesoporous cobalt films containing close packed arrays of spherical holes of uniform size was demonstrated by electrochemical deposition using the hexagonal liquid crystal template (H1-e Co). The template used was Brij®78 surfactant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), voltammetric methods, and low angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the electrodeposited mesopores films. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique are used to show the mesoporous thin films are promising to be used as electrode materials of high - performance super capacitors.

scholarly journals A Cryogenic Milling Method to Fabricate Nanostructured Anodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qizhang Yan ◽  
Shu-Ting Ko ◽  
Yumin Zhao ◽  
Grace Whang ◽  
Andrew Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Coulombic Efficiency ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Cryogenic Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
Milling Method

Cryogenic milling was demonstrated as a new and facile method to fabricate nanostructured battery electrode materials. SnSb anode material with 1.2 wt% graphite was selected as a model system to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of this method. Ball milling at a cryogenic temperature can suppress cold welding, exfoliate bulk graphite powder into nanoplatelets, and evenly disperse them between the grains. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and post-cycling scanning electron microscopy showed refined grain sizes and well-dispersed carbon nanoplatelets, which can stabilize the nanostructure and alleviate volume expansion and cracking upon cycling. The cryomilled SnSb-C composite anode showed a reversible volumetric capacity of 1842 Ah/L, average coulombic efficiency of 99.6 ± 0.3%, and capacity retention of 90% over 100 cycles. The cryomilled sample showed improved electrochemical performance compared to the conventional ball milled specimen. This new method of cryogenic milling can produce various other high-performance nanostructured electrode materials.

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