scholarly journals Postoperative QT Interval Prolongation in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery under General Anesthesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nagele ◽  
Swatilika Pal ◽  
Frank Brown ◽  
Jane Blood ◽  
J. Philipp Miller ◽  
...  

Background Abnormal cardiac repolarization, indicated by a prolongation of the QT interval, increases the risk for torsades de pointes, a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. Many perioperatively administered drugs and conditions prolong the QT interval. Despite several reports of perioperative torsades de pointes, systematic evidence regarding perioperative QT interval prolongation is limited. Methods Serial postoperative 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained from 469 adult patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia. Heart rate corrected QT-interval duration (Fridericia formula) was the primary outcome. All perioperatively administered drugs were recorded. Emphasis was placed on absolute QTc prolongation greater than 500 ms and relative increases of 30 and 60 ms. Results At the end of surgery, 80% of the patients (345 of 429) experienced a significant QTc interval prolongation (ΔQTc 23 ± 26 ms (mean and SD), 95% CI 20-25 ms, P less than 0.001). Approximately 51% (219 of 429) had a QTc greater than 440 ms, and 4% (16 of 429) a QTc greater than 500 ms. In 39% (166 of 429), the ΔQTc was greater than 30 ms, in 8% (34 of 429) >60 ms, and in greater than 0.5% (2 of 429) >100 ms. No changes in ΔQTc occurred at subsequent time points. One patient developed torsades de pointes with a ΔQTc: 29 ms (0.4% incidence rate). Several drugs had a large effect on ΔQTc: isoflurane, methadone, ketorolac, cefoxitin, zosyn, unasyn, epinephrine, ephedrine, and calcium. Postoperative body temperature had a weak negative correlation with ΔQTc (r = -0.15, P = 0.02); serum magnesium, potassium, and calcium concentrations were not correlated. Conclusion Postoperative QT-interval prolongation is common. Several perioperatively administered drugs are associated with a substantial QT-interval prolongation. The exact cause and its clinical relevance are, however, unclear. Nevertheless, an association between postoperative QT prolongation and risk for torsades de pointes is likely.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parham Habibzadeh ◽  
Abdollah Sarami ◽  
Mahboobeh Yadollahie ◽  
Kourosh Hashemiasl ◽  
Arezoo Salahi ◽  
...  

AbstractBackgroundMany of the drugs commonly used for the treatment of COVID-19 cause QT interval prolongation and increase the risk of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It has been shown that maintaining serum potassium and magnesium levels above 4 and 3 mg/dL, respectively, would prevent the QTc prolongation.ObjectiveTo determine if keeping only the serum magnesium level above 3 mg/dL could be considered an effective measure to prevent QTc prolongation in patients with COVID-19 receiving these drugs.MethodsIn a retrograde observational study, QTc interval was measured in 14 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 before and 3 days after initiation of treatment with either hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir, while their serum magnesium levels were kept ≥3 mg/dL.ResultsThe baseline QTc interval of 412 (SD 36) ms significantly increased by an average of 34 (95% CI 13 to 55) ms after 3 days of treatment. 5 patients, mostly those with lower serum potassium levels, had QTc prolongation ≥60 ms.ConclusionAlthough it seems that the risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias in this setting is not high, it is prudent to monitor the serum electrolytes, particularly potassium, in patients with COVID-19 who are treated with either hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir.


Author(s):  
Amy D Morris ◽  
Jennifer Chen ◽  
Elaine Lau ◽  
Jennifer Poh

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Domperidone is a prokinetic agent used to treat pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease. Health Canada has issued warnings about an increased risk of domperidone-associated ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the supporting data referred only to adult patients; therefore, extrapolating the safety risks to pediatric patients is difficult.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To summarize and evaluate the evidence for domperidone associated QT interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death to determine the safety of this drug for pediatric patients.</p><p><strong>Data Sources: </strong>Two databases (MEDLINE [1946 to August 2015] and Embase [1980 to August 2015]) were searched with the following Medical Subject Headings and keywords: “domperidone”, “arrhythmias, cardiac”, “death, sudden, cardiac”, “electrocardiography”, “heart diseases”, “long QT syndrome”, “tachycardia, ventricular”, “torsades de pointes”, and “ventricular fibrillation”. The search was limited to studies conducted in humans under 18 years of age and published in English.</p><p><strong>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</strong> Original research included in this review reported on the cardiac-related safety of domperidone in nononcologic patients under 18 years of age.</p><p><strong>Data Synthesis: </strong>Of the 5 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (<em>n </em>= 137 patients), one reported a statistically significant change in the corrected QT (QTc) interval, but the clinical significance was unclear. Most of the studies reported rare occurrences of pathological QTc intervals in a limited number of patients. However, confounding factors (e.g., abnormal electrolyte level or concurrent medications) were not consistently considered. Potential bias might have been alleviated by blinding of electrocardiogram (ECG) assessors; however, this was not consistently implemented. The designs of the included studies did not allow assessment of causality. The results should be interpreted with caution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the available evidence is limited, pathological QTc intervals were noted among a small number of infants, which supports the possibility of domperidone-associated risk of prolonged QTc interval. Because of the potential severity of QT interval prolongation, individual assessment and routine ECG monitoring should be implemented for patients receiving domperidone.</p><p><strong>RÉSUMÉ</strong></p><p><strong>Contexte : </strong>La dompéridone est un agent gastroprocinétique utilisé pour traiter le reflux gastro-oesophagien chez l’enfant. Santé Canada a publié des mises en garde à propos d’un risque accru d’arythmies ventriculaires et de mort subite cardiaque associées à la dompéridone. Or, comme les données probantes ne concernent que l’adulte, il est difficile de généraliser les risques pour la santé à l’enfant.</p><p><strong>Objectif : </strong>Résumer et analyser les données probantes portant sur l’allongement de l’intervalle QT, les arythmies ventriculaires et la mort subite cardiaque associés à la dompéridone afin de déterminer le degré d’innocuité du médicament chez l’enfant.</p><p><strong>Sources des données : </strong>Deux bases de données (MEDLINE [1946 à août 2015] et EMBASE [1980 à août 2015]) ont été interrogées en utilisant les mots clés et les Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) suivants : « domperidone »  dompéridone), « arrhythmias, cardiac » (arythmies cardiaques), « death, sudden, cardiac » (mort, subite, cardiaque),« electrocardiography » (électrocardiographie), « heart diseases » (cardiopathies), « long QT syndrome » (syndrome du QT long), « tachycardia, ventricular » (tachycardie, ventriculaire), « torsades de pointes » (torsades de pointes) et « ventricular fibrillation » (fibrillation ventriculaire). La recherche se limitait aux études publiées en anglais et effectuées chez l’humain de moins de 18 ans.</p><p><strong>Sélection des études et extraction des données : </strong>Les études retenues dans la présente revue abordaient l’innocuité cardiaque de la dompéridone chez les patients de moins de 18 ans qui ne sont pas atteints d’un cancer.</p><p><strong>Synthèse des données : </strong>Parmi les cinq études qui répondaient aux critères d’inclusion (<em>n </em>= 137 patients), une indiquait un changement statistiquement significatif dans l’intervalle QT corrigé (QTc), mais la signification clinique demeurait floue. La plupart des études signalaient de rares cas d’intervalles QTc pathologiques chez un nombre limité de patients. Cependant, des facteurs de confusion (déséquilibre électrolytique ou emploi concomitant de médicaments, par exemple) n’étaient pas systématiquement pris en compte. Il aurait été possible d’éviter de potentiels biais en tenant les lecteurs d’électrocardiogramme (ECG) dans l’ignorance du traitement, mais cette mesure n’était pas toujours mise en oeuvre. Les plans des études retenues ne permettaient pas d’évaluer la causalité. Il faut donc interpréter les résultats avec prudence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions : </strong>Bien qu’il n’y ait que peu de données probantes, des cas d’intervalles QTc pathologiques ont été relevés chez un petit nombre de nourrissons, ce qui vient appuyer le risque possible d’allongement de l’intervalle QTc associé à la dompéridone. À cause de la potentielle gravité de l’allongement de l’intervalle QT, une évaluation individuelle et une surveillance ECG systématique doit être mise en place pour les patients qui reçoivent de la dompéridone.</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Jin Choi ◽  
Yeryung Koo ◽  
Tae Young Kim ◽  
Wou Young Chung ◽  
Yun Jung Jung ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Hydroxychloroquine has recently received attention as a treatment for COVID-19. However, hydroxychloroquine may prolong the QTc interval, thus increasing the risk of life-threatening arrhythmia. Many patients with COVID-19 have comorbidities, necessitating the use of several drugs simultaneously with hydroxychloroquine. However, the risk of QT prolongation due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between hydroxychloroquine and these co-medications has not been identified. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the risk of QT interval prolongation due to DDIs between hydroxychloroquine and frequently used concurrent drugs.Methods and Results: Using 447,632 patients and 1,040,752 electrocardiograms, we investigated the risk of QT prolongation due to DDIs between hydroxychloroquine and 118 concurrent drugs frequently used in real-world practice. In the analysis, we observed that 11 drugs (trimebutine, tacrolimus, tramadol, rosuvastatin, ciclosporin, sulfasalazine, rofecoxib, diltiazem, piperacillin/tazobactam, and isoniazid) show DDIs with hydroxychloroquine in the direction of QT prolongation.Conclusions: We found 11 drugs that show significant (p <0.05) DDIs with hydroxychloroquine, thereby increasing the risk of QT prolongation in patients. It is necessary to consider prescribing alternative drugs that have less DDI when these drugs are concurrently administered with hydroxychloroquine. Further investigation is needed to assess more profoundly the risk of QT prolongation due to DDI with hydroxychloroquine of each drug that we found in this analysis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Ayşe Ünal Yüksekgönül ◽  
İlker Ertuğrul ◽  
Tevfik Karagöz

Abstract “Torsades de pointes”, a life-threatening rhythm disorder, is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that usually develops in association with a prolonged QT interval. Fluconazole, an anti-fungal drug, may also induce QT prolongation, in some cases subsequent torsades de pointes. Herein, we report a 16-year-old female presenting “torsades de pointes” after administration of fluconazole and rapidly improved upon cessation of the drug.


Author(s):  
Archana Ramireddy ◽  
Harpriya Chugh ◽  
Kyndaron Reinier ◽  
Joseph Ebinger ◽  
Eunice Park ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite a paucity of clinical evidence, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being administered widely to patients with verified or suspected COVID-19. Both drugs may increase risk of lethal arrhythmias associated with QT interval prolongation.MethodsWe performed a case series of COVID-19 positive/suspected patients admitted between 2/1/2020 and 4/4/2020 who were treated with azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine or a combination. We evaluated baseline and post-medication QT interval (QTc, Bazett’s) using 12-lead ECGs. Critical QTc prolongation was defined as: a) maximum QTc ≥500 ms (if QRS <120 ms) or QTc ≥550 (if QRS ≥120 ms) and b) increased QTc of ≥60 ms. Tisdale score and Elixhauser comorbidity index were calculated.ResultsOf 490 COVID-19 positive/suspected patients, 314 (64%) received either/both drugs, and 98 (73 COVID-19 positive, 25 suspected) met study criteria (age 62±17 yrs, 61% male). Azithromycin was prescribed in 28%, hydroxychloroquine in 10%, and both in 62%. Baseline mean QTc was 448±29 ms and increased to 459±36ms (p=0.005) with medications. Significant prolongation was observed only in men (18±43 ms vs -0.2±28 ms in women, p=0.02). 12% of patients reached critical QTc prolongation. In a multivariable logistic regression, age, sex, Tisdale score, Elixhauser score, and baseline QTc were not associated with critical QTc prolongation (p>0.14). Changes in QTc were highest with the combination compared to either drug, with many-fold greater prolongation with the combination vs. azithromycin alone (17±39 vs. 0.5±40 ms, p=0.07). No patients manifested torsades de pointes.ConclusionsOverall, 12% of patients manifested critical QTc interval prolongation, and traditional risk indices failed to flag these patients. With the drug combination, QTc prolongation was several-fold higher compared to azithromycin alone. The balance between uncertain benefit and potential risk when treating COVID-19 patients with these drugs should be carefully assessed prior to use.


2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
Peter Nagele ◽  
Swatilika Pal ◽  
Frank Brown ◽  
Jane Blood ◽  
J. Philipp Miller ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-627
Author(s):  
Ivan Stankovic ◽  
Biljana Putnikovic ◽  
Aleksandar N. Neskovic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Jiménez-Jáimez ◽  
Rosa Macías-Ruiz ◽  
Francisco Bermúdez-Jiménez ◽  
Ricardo Rubini-Costa ◽  
Jessica Ramírez-Taboada ◽  
...  

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly evolving pandemic causing great morbimortality. Medical therapy with hydroxicloroquine, azitromycin and protease inhibitors is being empirically used, with reported data of QTc interval prolongation. Our aim is to assess QT interval behaviour in a not critically ill and not monitored cohort of patients. We evaluated admitted and ambulatory patients with COVID-19 patients with 12 lead electrocardiogram at 48 h after treatment initiation. Other clinical and analytical variables were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the magnitude of the QT interval prolongation under treatment and to identify clinical, analytical and electrocardiographic risk markers of QT prolongation independent predictors. We included 219 patients (mean age of 63.6 ± 17.4 years, 48.9% were women and 16.4% were outpatients. The median baseline QTc was 416 ms (IQR 404–433), and after treatment QTc was prolonged to 423 ms (405–438) (P < 0.001), with an average increase of 1.8%. Most of the patients presented a normal QTc under treatment, with only 31 cases (14.1%) showing a QTc interval > 460 ms, and just one case with QTc > 500 ms. Advanced age, longer QTc basal at the basal ECG and lower potassium levels were independent predictors of QTc interval prolongation. Ambulatory and not critically ill patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and/or antiretrovirals develop a significant, but not relevant, QT interval prolongation.


2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beny Charbit ◽  
Jean Claude Alvarez ◽  
Eric Dasque ◽  
Emuri Abe ◽  
Jean Louis Démolis ◽  
...  

Background Droperidol and ondansetron have previously been found to prolong the QT interval in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, this adverse effect has never been confirmed and compared with both drugs under controlled conditions. The objective was to study the effects of droperidol and ondansetron alone or in combination on QT interval duration in healthy subjects. Methods Sixteen healthy volunteers, eight males and eight females, were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Subjects received 1 mg droperidol, 4 mg ondansetron, 1 mg droperidol plus 4 mg ondansetron, or a placebo, intravenously in a crossover design. Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) and plasma concentrations were measured repeatedly during 10 h at each study period. The primary endpoint was the maximal placebo time-matched and baseline-subtracted QTcF prolongation (DeltaDeltaQTcF). Results Compared with placebo, both droperidol and ondansetron significantly prolonged the QTcF interval. DeltaDeltaQTcF prolongation was 25 +/- 8 ms after droperidol, significantly greater than the 17 +/- 10-ms prolongation with ondansetron (P = 0.014). The combination of droperidol and ondansetron significantly increased the mean maximal DeltaDeltaQTcF by 28 +/- 10 ms. The combination induced greater QTcF prolongation compared with ondansetron alone (P = 0.001), but not with droperidol alone (P = 0.33). There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between droperidol and ondansetron. Conclusions Under controlled conditions, both droperidol and ondansetron either alone or in combination induced significant marked QTc interval prolongation. However, the combination of both drugs did not significantly increase QTc prolongation compared with that induced by droperidol alone.


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