In-vitro hypocoagulability on whole blood thromboelastometry associated with in-vivo expansion of red cell mass in an equine model

Abstract Oxygen affinity studies in a splenectomized patient with sporadically occurring Hb Köln disease revealed high whole blood oxygen affinity (P50 O2 17.6 mm Hg) with increased 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), low ATP, and normal RBC ΔpH. Isolated electrophoretically slow migrating Hb Köln had a high oxygen affinity, decreased Hill’s number, and normal DPG reactivity. Functional evidence for hybrid tetramers with normal mobility is presented. Partial deoxygenation may play a role in the denaturation of the Hb Köln molecule and thus account for a higher oxygen affinity (low P50 O2), measured by the mixing technique, than the actual values for P50 that exist in vivo. Increased oxygen affinity and decreased P50 O2 would result in increased erythropoiesis and account for a well-compensated hemolytic process in this patient with a normal red cell mass and normal values of hemoglobin.

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The in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Whole Blood and Red Cell Concentrates Drawn on CPDA-1 and Stored in a Non-DEHP Plasticized PVC Container

Vox Sanguinis ◽

10.1111/j.1423-0410.1991.tb00919.x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 8-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. Seidl ◽

W. Gosda ◽

A.J. Reppucci

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Red Cell ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

Plasticized Pvc

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THE REGULATION OF OXYGEN AFFINITY OF FETAL BLOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.48.6.857 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 857-864

Author(s):

Marcello M. Orzalesi ◽

William W. Hay

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Oxygen Affinity ◽

Red Cell ◽

Fetal Blood ◽

Vitro Effect

It has been previously shown that red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binds to reduced hemoglobin (Hb) decreasing its affinity for oxygen (O2 and that the in vitro effect of DPG on fetal Hb is less marked than on the adult Hb. The present study on whole blood provides evidence that the in vivo effect of DPG on the O2 affinity of fetal Hb is approximately 40% of that of adult Hb. It also shows that the O2 affinity of fetal blood decreases during gestation and depends on the relative proportions of adult and fetal Hb and on the level of red cell DPG.

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Reduction of Prion Infectivity in Packed Red Cells by Separation of Whole Blood and Washing of the Red Cell Fraction.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v110.11.2890.2890 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 110 (11) ◽

pp. 2890-2890

Author(s):

Rodrigo Morales ◽

Kimberley A. Buytaert-Hoefen ◽

Eric T. Hansen ◽

Dennis Hlavinka ◽

Raymond Goodrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Red Cells ◽

Cell Fraction ◽

Health Concern ◽

Red Cell ◽

New Variant

Abstract Although prion diseases are rare in humans, the established link between a new variant form of CJD (vCJD) and the consumption of cattle meat contaminated by BSE have raised concerns about a possible outbreak of a large epidemic in the human population. Over the past few years, BSE has become a significant health concern in several countries, and it now seems apparent that vCJD can also be iatrogenically transmitted from human to human by blood transfusion. Exacerbating this state of affairs is the lack of a reliable test to identify individuals incubating the disease during the long and silent period from the onset of infection to the appearance of clinical symptoms. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of separation of whole blood and washing of the red cell fraction for the removal of infectious scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) from red blood cell (RBC) suspensions. Samples of human, whole blood were spiked with 5 × 106 LD50 263K PrPSc. Analysis of the treated sample supernatants by Western blot revealed that approximately >88% of the PrPSc was removed with the initial plasma expression and the equivalent of 6% was detected in a saline wash (300 mL; 0.9% saline). The final sample of RBCs revealed no detectable levels of PrPSc by Western blots. Further analysis of the treated RBCs using the PMCA assay indicated detectable amounts of PrPSc only after 2 consecutive amplification rounds. Semi-quantitative analysis of PMCA amplification enabled us to estimate that the treated RBCs contained less than 1 × 104 LD50 PrPSc. This corresponded to removal levels exceeding ≥99% of spiked material in whole blood. These in vitro estimations were confirmed by in vivo infectivity studies in a hamster model of disease transmission. Results from in vivo studies displayed significant differences in the incubation periods of the spiked blood inoculated hamsters (100.1 ± 1.7) versus washed RBCs (135.8 ± 6.7). Moreover, a substantial difference in the attack rate (6/15: 40% in washed RBC, versus 13/13: 100% in spiked blood) further indicated a substantial removal of infectious prions. Comparison of this data with results of animals inoculated with different dilutions of infectious material, indicated a >99.94% reduction of infectivity. Washed, packed human red cells produced by this procedure were able to be stored in standard additive solutions (AS-3) for 42 days while still meeting all in vitro blood bank standards for acceptable red cell quality. Conclusion This data suggests that separation of plasma coupled with a simple, low volume wash of red cells may represent an efficient method to remove prions from red blood cell fractions, thus reducing possible infectivity of these products.

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Mechanism of acute erythrocyte loss following burn

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.198.3.487 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 198 (3) ◽

pp. 487-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. P. Gilmore ◽

H. A. Fozzard

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Osmotic Fragility ◽

Red Cell ◽

Plasma Hemoglobin ◽

Direct Measurements ◽

Red Cell Mass

Direct measurements of red cell mass, osmotic fragility change and plasma hemoglobin immediately following a 22 cal/cm2 30% surface area burn in the dog indicate that a 13% decrease in red cell mass occurs, at least half of which can be attributed to the direct destruction and changes in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. It was also observed that the red cell mass may increase following burn as a result of splenic extrusion of sequestered erythrocytes. The results of these experiments indicate that while there is some physiologic basis for whole blood therapy following burn, the more immediate requirement is the replacement of fluid.

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The Pathogenesis of Postirradiation Anemia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v7.4.404.404 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 404-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. B. KAHN ◽

J. FURTH

Keyword(s):

Cell Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

Red Cell ◽

X Rays ◽

Red Cell Mass ◽

Volume Measurements ◽

Specific Organ ◽

Hemosiderin Deposits ◽

Average Body

Abstract 1. To assess the effects of irradiation on erythrocytes in vivo, one group of rabbits was injected with radioiron-tagged erythrocytes immediately before, and a second group immediately after exposure to x-rays. A third control group received the tagged erythrocytes but no irradiation. There was a drop in red cell mass in both irradiated groups as compared with the controls, but there was no difference between the two irradiated groups, i.e., between the behavior of irradiated and nonirradiated erythrocytes in irradiated hosts. These findings indicate that there is no direct effect of irradiation in the median lethal range on erythrocytes in vivo. 2. The degree of anemia was studied as a function of irradiation dose. It requires nearly lethal doses of x-rays to cause a conspicuous anemia. In the fatally irradiated animals the drop in red cell mass and total circulating radioiron is precipitous; in those nonfatally irradiated the drop is gradual and relatively slight, even though the animals may have received the same dose. 3. Increase of specific organ activity of the liver and spleen of irradiated animals can be correlated with hemosiderin deposits and congestion. Deposition of hemosiderin is a consequence of irradiation, its degree increasing with the effectiveness of the irradiation. 4. The erythrocyte mass of rabbits obtained by two direct isotopic technics (P32 and Fe59) and one indirect technic (T-1824 dye) differ by constant ratios. The Fe59/P32 ratio is 0.89; the Fe59 values are regarded as correct. With the aid of conversion factors either technic can be used. If an indirect technic is employed and the erythrocyte mass is estimated on the basis of plasma volume measurements, it is necessary to calculate first the average body hematocrit. This is done by multiplying the large vessel hematocrit by a conversion factor, which is 0.83 in normal rabbits.

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The in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Whole Blood and Red Cell Concentrates Drawn on CPDA-1 and Stored in a Non-DEHP Plasticized PVC Container

Vox Sanguinis ◽

10.1159/000461306 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 8-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Seidl ◽

W. Gosda ◽

A.J. Reppucci

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Red Cell ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

Plasticized Pvc

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Pathology Prize Evening Polycythaemia following Renal Transplantation

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ◽

10.1177/014107688708000804 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (8) ◽

pp. 475-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H P Davis

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Graft Function ◽

Abnormal Liver Function ◽

Red Cell ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Early Return ◽

Red Cell Mass ◽

Early Establishment

Polycythaemia has developed in 10 of 59 regularly reviewed patients with renal transplants surviving more than three months. The pathology of the raised haemoglobin level was heterogeneous. Three patients had a picture characterized by a normal red cell mass and reduced plasma volume. Seven patients had a raised red cell mass; in 3 of these this was associated with a period of abnormal liver function and fitted with the state of raised red cell mass in association with hepatic transaminitis. The remaining 4 patients form a unique, previously undefined group with no features to explain the underlying aetiology of the polycythaemia. The patients had a trouble-free post-transplant course with early establishment of graft function. It is proposed, from the data obtained from in vitro culture studies, that the early return of good renal function allows the erythroid compartment to expand in response to circulating erythropoietin. The establishment of an erythron of increased size allows for a persistently raised haemoglobin in the presence of normal erythropoietin levels.

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The Metabolism of Transferrin-bound 111In and 59Fe in the Rat

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v43.5.693.693 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 693-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Michael R. Beamish ◽

Elmer B. Brown

Keyword(s):

Cell Mass ◽

Red Cells ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Red Cell ◽

Red Marrow ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Red Cell Mass ◽

Residual Radioactivity ◽

Uptake And Release

Abstract The metabolism of transferrin-bound indium and iron were compared by in vivo studies in the rat. Rats were injected with serum transferrin labeled with 111In and 59Fe, and, at intervals ranging from 20 min to 5 days after injection, they were killed. They were perfused through the portal vein with 200 ml of 0.9% saline, and the residual radioactivity, expressed as a percentage of the injected dose, was measured in liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, washed red cells, red marrow, and femur. At 5 days, 76% of the injected 59Fe was recovered in the red cell mass; only 1%-2% of 111In could then be recovered. Uptake and release of the 111In label by the femur was markedly less than that of the 59Fe. Whereas 85% of the injected 59Fe could be recovered from the circulating red cells, liver, and spleen, only about 15% of the injected 111In could be so recovered. Approximately 35% of the injected 111In was excreted, and 43% was recoverable from the carcass. The subcellular distribution of the two isotopes in the liver at timed intervals following intravenous injection was studied. While 35% of the 59Fe activity in the homogenate was associated with ferritin, only 4% of the 111In could be so identified. The results indicate a significant difference between the metabolism of 111In and 59Fe in the rat and make it unlikely that the metabolism of In in man bears much similarity to that of iron.

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