Clinical and Analytical Characteristics and Short-Term Evolution of Enteroviral Meningitis in Young Infants Presenting With Fever Without Source

Antibiotic resistance is medicine’s climate change: caused by human activity, and resulting in more extreme outcomes. Resistance emerges in microbial populations when antibiotics act on phenotypic variance within the population. This can arise from either genotypic diversity (resulting from a mutation or horizontal gene transfer), or from ‘adaptive’ differences in gene expression due to environmental variation. Adaptive changes can increase fitness allowing bacteria to survive at higher concentrations of the antibiotic. They can also decrease fitness, potentially leading to selection for antibiotic resistance at lower concentrations. There are opportunities for other environmental stressors to promote antibiotic resistance in ways that are hard to predict using conventional assays. Exploiting our observation that commonly used herbicides can increase or decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different antibiotics, we provide the first comprehensive test of the hypothesis that the rate of antibiotic resistance evolution under specified conditions can increase, regardless of whether a herbicide increases or decreases the antibiotic MIC. Short term evolution experiments were used for various herbicide and antibiotic combinations. We found conditions where acquired resistance arises more frequently regardless of whether the exogenous non-antibiotic agent increased or decreased antibiotic effectiveness. This “damned if you do/damned if you don’t” outcome suggests that the emergence of antibiotic resistance is exacerbated by additional environmental factors that influence competition between bacteria. Our work demonstrates that bacteria may acquire antibiotic resistance in the environment at rates substantially faster than predicted from laboratory conditions.

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Growth phase-dependent UV-C resistance of Bacillus subtilis: data from a short-term evolution experiment

Archives of Microbiology ◽

10.1007/s00203-011-0722-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 193 (11) ◽

pp. 823-832 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Marko Wassmann ◽

Ralf Moeller ◽

Günther Reitz ◽

Petra Rettberg

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Evolution ◽

Evolution Experiment ◽

Uv C

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Modeling and Predicting the Short-Term Evolution of the Geomagnetic Field

Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth ◽

10.1029/2017jb015115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 4539-4560 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Julien Bärenzung ◽

Matthias Holschneider ◽

Johannes Wicht ◽

Sabrina Sanchez ◽

Vincent Lesur

Keyword(s):

Geomagnetic Field ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Evolution

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ENTEROVIRAL MENINGITIS IN VERY YOUNG INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.40.4.617 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 617-626

Author(s):

Alan G. Nogen ◽

Martha L. Lepow

Keyword(s):

General Hospital ◽

Young Infant ◽

Neurologic Examination ◽

Young Infants ◽

Normal Glucose ◽

Enteroviral Meningitis ◽

Csf Findings

Enteroviral meningitis was studied in five infants less than 6 weeks of age. Eight additional cases of suspected enteroviral meningitis from the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital were reviewed with regard to symptoms, CSF findings, neurologic examination, prognosis, and epidemiology. The entity of enteroviral meningitis should be considered in and viral cultures obtained from any young infant when examination of the CSF reveals a pleocytosis, normal glucose, and absence of organisms on Gram's stain and culture.

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Game Theory and Population Dynamics in Complex Genetical Systems: The Role of Sex in Short Term and in Long Term Evolution

Game Equilibrium Models I ◽

10.1007/978-3-662-02674-8_3 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 6-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ilan Eshel

Keyword(s):

Game Theory ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Long Term Evolution ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Evolution

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Possible evolution of the circum-galactic medium around QSOs with QSO age and cosmic time revealed by Ly α haloes

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/stz1707 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 488 (1) ◽

pp. 120-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rieko Momose ◽

Tomotsugu Goto ◽

Yousuke Utsumi ◽

Tetsuya Hashimoto ◽

Chia-Ying Chiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Surface Brightness ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Cosmic Time ◽

Black Hole Mass ◽

Host Galaxies ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Evolution ◽

Similar Growth ◽

Lower Redshift

ABSTRACT We first present new Subaru narrow-band observations of the Ly α halo around the quasi-stellar object (QSO) CFHQ J232908−030158 at z = 6.42, which appears the most luminous and extended halo at z > 5 (LLy α = 9.8 × 1043 erg s−1 within 37 pkpc diameter). Then, combining these measurements with available data in the literature, we find two different evolutions of QSOs’ Ly α haloes. First is a possible short-term evolution with QSO age seen in four z > 6 QSOs. We find the anticorrelation between the Ly α halo scales with QSOs’ infrared (IR) luminosity, with J2329−0301’s halo being the brightest and largest. It indicates that ionizing photons escape more easily out to circum-galactic regions when host galaxies are less dusty. We also find a positive correlation between IR luminosity and black hole mass (MBH). Given MBH as an indicator of QSO age, we propose a hypothesis that a large Ly α halo mainly exists around QSOs in the young phase of their activity due to a small amount of dust. The second is an evolution with cosmic time seen over z ∼ 2–5. We find the increase of surface brightness towards lower redshift with a similar growth rate to that of dark matter haloes (DHs) that evolve to MDH = 1012–1013 M⊙ at z = 2. The extent of Ly α haloes is also found to increase at a rate scaling with the virial radius of growing DHs, $r_\text{vir} \propto M_\text{DH}^{1/3}(1+z)^{-1}$. These increases are consistent with a scenario that the circum-galactic medium around QSOs evolves in mass and size keeping pace with hosting DHs.

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